Your kidneys are a pair of bean-shaped organs attached to the abdominal wall whose main functions are to:
- Balance salt and water levels in the body
- Maintainblood pressure
- Excrete waste from the body
The main cause of kidneycanceris altered DNA or a genetic mutation. These mutations lead to a potentially fatal, uncontrolled cell growth in the kidneys.
Multiple factors can increase the risk of causing these DNA changes. These are called risk factors, which may be modifiable (dietchanges, lifestyle changes) or nonmodifiable (genes, family history, gender).
不同类型的肾癌是什么?
The table below shows types of kidneycancerspercentage.
| Kidneycancertype | Percentage |
|---|---|
| Renal cellcarcinoma(RCC) | About 90% of all renal cell cancers |
| Papillary renal cell carcinoma | About 10% of all renal cancers |
| Transitional cell carcinoma | 5 to 10% of all renal cancers |
| Chromophobe renal cell carcinoma | About five% of all renal cancers |
Collecting duct RCC Multilocular cystic RCC Medullary carcinoma Mucinous tubular and spindle cell carcinoma Neuroblastoma-associated RCC Transitional cell carcinomas Wilms tumors Renal sarcomas |
About 1% of all renal cancers |
遗传基因突变可以增加ris什么k of kidney cancer?
One of the main risk factors of certain kidney cancers isinheritedgene mutations. These inherited conditions are very rare, but the genes responsible for them can run in families. This is why it’s important for people with these syndromes to get regular imaging tests to look for new kidney tumors.
| Syndrome | Characteristic | Mutated (altered) gene |
|---|---|---|
| Von Hippel-Lindau disease |
|
VHLgene |
| Hereditary papillary renal cell carcinoma |
|
MET gene |
| Hereditary leiomyoma-renal cell carcinoma |
|
FHgene |
| Birt-Hogg-Dubé (BHD) syndrome |
|
FLCN |
| Familial renalcancer |
|
SDHBandSDHD |
| Cowden syndrome |
|
PTENgene |
| Tuberous sclerosis |
|
TSC1andTSC2 |
What are the risk factors for kidney cancer?
Each year, more than 65,000 people in the U.S. are diagnosed with kidney cancer. Understanding the risk factors may be helpful for regular screening. Early detection of kidney cancer is associated with better treatment outcomes.
10 Risk factors for kidney cancer include:
- Age: Cancer risk increases with age, and kidney cancer is no exception. Most cases of kidney cancer are seen in people who are 45 years old or older. Wilms tumor, however, is a type of kidney cancer that is more often seen in children.
- Gender: Renal cell carcinoma (RCC) is about twice as common in men as in women.
- Ethnicity: African Americans have a slightly higher risk of developing RCC than Caucasians.
- Family history of kidney cancer: People with a family history of renal cell cancer, especially a sibling with renal cell cancer, have a higher chance of developing the disease.
- Smoking:Smokingincreases the risk of developing RCC, and the risk is proportional to the number of cigarettes smoked per day. While risk can be reduced if youquit smoking, it can take years to reduce it to the level of a non-smoker.
- Exposure to chemicals: Many studies indicate that people who have workplace exposure to certain substances and heavy metals such as trichloroethylene,asbestos, lead, and cadmium have an increased risk for RCC. People who work in the dye, battery,plastic, or paint industries may be especially susceptible.
- Dialysis: People with end-stagekidney diseasewho receive long-term dialysis for a failed kidney have a slightly higher risk of developing kidney cancer.
- Obesity:Overweightpeople have a higher risk of developing kidney cancer.
- High blood pressure: According to certain studies, people withhigh blood pressurehave a higher risk of developing kidney cancer. This risk does not seem to go down even if the person is treated forhypertension.
- Certain medicines:过度使用nonaspirin painkillers such asnaproxen,acetaminophen, andibuprofenis linked to a 25% higher risk of developing kidney cancer.
References
https://www.cancer.org/cancer/kidney-cancer/causes-risks-prevention/risk-factors.html
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Kidney cancer is usually asymptomatic in earlier stages. The tumor is usually found when a patient undergoes medical tests for another reason. A doctor may order the following tests to confirm the diagnosis.
Is Kidney Cancer Curable?
Kidney cancer is an uncontrolled division of cells (cancer) that begins in the kidney. How curable is a particular cancer depends on its stage, its cell type, and the stage at which it is diagnosed.
mannitol
Mannitol is a diuretic medication used to treat acute kidney failure in the phase of reduced urine output (oliguric phase), to increase urination and improve kidney function before the kidney is irreversibly damaged. Common side effects of mannitol include pulmonary congestion, fluid and electrolyte imbalance, excess acidity of body fluids and tissue (metabolic acidosis), electrolyte loss, dryness of mouth, thirst, dehydration, increased urination (marked diuresis), urinary retention, reduced or absent urination (oliguria or anuria), blood in urine (hematuria), acute kidney injury; increase in blood urea nitrogen (BUN), creatinine, and other waste products (azotemia), and others.potassium citrate
Potassium citrate is a medication used in the management of kidney conditions that promote formation of kidney stones (nephrolithiasis), including renal tubular acidosis and low citrate excretion in the urine (hypocitraturia). Common side effects of potassium citrate include high blood potassium levels (hyperkalemia), abdominal discomfort, nausea, vomiting, and diarrhea. Do not use if you have high blood potassium levels (hyperkalemia) or a predisposition for hyperkalemia. Consult your doctor if pregnant or breastfeeding.sodium citrate
Sodium citrate is the sodium salt of citric acid used to neutralize excessive acidity (metabolic acidosis) in the body, and prevent the formation of kidney stones (nephrolithiasis). Common side effects of sodium citrate/citric acid include nausea, vomiting, diarrhea, stomach pain, fluid retention, excessive alkalinity of body fluids (metabolic alkalosis), and involuntary muscle contractions (tetany). Consult your doctor before taking if pregnant or breastfeeding.What Are the Early Signs of Kidney Cancer?
Kidney cancer or renal cell carcinoma is an abnormal growth of kidney cells. The most common and early sign of kidney cancer is blood in the urine or hematuria.
What Is Kidney Cancer Pain Like?
A small tumor in the kidney that may be painless and often an accidental finding on sonography. The patients suffering from advanced kidney cancer may usually complain of back pain, which may be described as a dull ache to a sharp stabbing pain below the ribs on the back or one side of the flank. If there is a sudden persistent pain that lasts more than a few days, a doctor visit is recommended to rule out kidney cancer.What Is the First Sign of Kidney Cancer?
When cells in the kidney become malignant or cancerous, they grow out of control forming a tumor, in one or both kidneys, resulting in kidney cancer. In adults, renal cell carcinoma (RCC) is the most common type of kidney cancer. Other less common types of kidney cancer can occur rarely.