Tigecycline Generic

DESCRIPTION

Tigecycline for Injection, USP is atetracyclineclassantibacterialfor intravenous infusion. The chemical name of tigecycline is (4S,4aS,5aR,12aS)-9-[2-(tert-butylamino)acetamido]4,7-bis(dimethylamino)-1,4,4a,5,5a,6,11,12a-octahydro-3,10,12,12a-tetrahydroxy-1,11dioxo-2-naphthacenecarboxamide.

The following represents the chemical structure of tigecycline:

Figure 1: Structure of Tigecycline

C₂₉H₃₉N₅O₈M.W. 585.65

Tigecycline for injection, USP is an orange lyophilized powder or cake. Each tigecycline single dose 10 mL vial contains 50 mg tigecycline and 82.6 mg of arginine as lyophilized powder for reconstitution for intravenous infusion. The pH is adjusted with hydrochloric acid, and if necessary sodium hydroxide. The product does not contain preservatives.

INDICATIONS

Complicated Skin And Skin Structure Infections

Tigecycline for injection is indicated in patients 18 years of age and older for the treatment of complicated skin and skin structure infections caused by susceptible isolates ofEscherichia coli, Enterococcus faecalis(vancomycin-susceptible isolates),Staphylococcus aureus(methicillin-susceptible and -resistant isolates),Streptococcus agalactiae, Streptococcus anginosusgrp. (includesS. anginosus, S. intermedius,andS. constellatus),Streptococcus pyogenes, Enterobacter cloacae, Klebsiella pneumoniae,andBacteroides fragilis.

Complicated Intra-Abdominal Infections

Tigecycline for injection is indicated in patients 18 years of age and older for the treatment of complicated intra-abdominal infections caused by susceptible isolates ofCitrobacter freundii, Enterobacter cloacae,Escherichia coli, Klebsiella oxytoca, Klebsiella pneumoniae, Enterococcus faecalis(vancomycin-susceptible isolates),Staphylococcus aureus(methicillin-susceptible and -resistant isolates),Streptococcus anginosusgrp. (includesS. anginosus, S. intermedius,andS. constellatus),Bacteroides fragilis, Bacteroides thetaiotaomicron, Bacteroides uniformis, Bacteroides vulgatus, Clostridium perfringens,andPeptostreptococcus micros.

Community-Acquired Bacterial Pneumonia

Tigecycline for injection is indicated in patients 18 years of age and older for the treatment of community-acquired bacterial pneumonia caused by susceptible isolates ofStreptococcus pneumoniae(penicillin-susceptible isolates), including cases with concurrent bacteremia,Haemophilus influenzae, andLegionella pneumophila.

Limitations Of Use

Tigecycline for injection is not indicated for the treatment of diabetic foot infections. A clinical trial failed to demonstrate non-inferiority of tigecycline for injection for treatment of diabetic foot infections.

Tigecycline for injection is not indicated for the treatment of hospital-acquired or ventilator-associated pneumonia. In a comparative clinical trial, greater mortality and decreased efficacy were reported in tigecycline-treated patients [see警告ANDPRECAUTIONS].

Usage

To reduce the development of drug-resistant bacteria and maintain the effectiveness of tigecycline and other antibacterial drugs, tigecycline for injection should be used only to treat infections that are proven or strongly suspected to be caused by susceptible bacteria. When culture and susceptibility information are available, they should be considered in selecting or modifying antibacterial therapy. In the absence of such data, local epidemiology and susceptibility patterns may contribute to the empiric selection of therapy.

Appropriate specimens for bacteriological examination should be obtained in order to isolate and identify the causative organisms and to determine their susceptibility to tigecycline. Tigecycline for injection may be initiated as empiric monotherapy before results of these tests are known.

DOSAGE AND ADMINISTRATION

Recommended Adult Dosage

The recommended dosage regimen for tigecycline for injection is an initial dose of 100 mg, followed by 50 mg every 12 hours. Intravenous infusions of tigecycline for injection should be administered over approximately 30 to 60 minutes every 12 hours.

The recommended duration of treatment with tigecycline for injection for complicated skin and skin structure infections or for complicated intra-abdominal infections is 5 to 14 days. The recommended duration of treatment with tigecycline for injection for community-acquired bacterial pneumonia is 7 to 14 days. The duration of therapy should be guided by the severity and site of the infection and the patient’s clinical and bacteriological progress.

Dosage In Patients With Hepatic Impairment

No dosage adjustment is warranted in patients with mild to moderate hepatic impairment (Child Pugh A and Child Pugh B). In patients with severe hepatic impairment (Child Pugh C), the initial dose of tigecycline for injection should be 100 mg followed by a reduced maintenance dose of 25 mg every 12 hours. Patients with severe hepatic impairment (Child Pugh C) should be treated with caution and monitored for treatment response [seeCLINICAL PHARMACOLOGYandUse In Specific Populations].

Dosage In Pediatric Patients

The safety and efficacy of the proposed pediatric dosing regimens have not been evaluated due to the observed increase in mortality associated with tigecycline in adult patients. Avoid use of tigecycline in pediatric patients unless no alternative antibacterial drugs are available. Under these circumstances, the following doses are suggested:

• Pediatric patients aged 8 to 11 years should receive 1.2 mg/kg of tigecycline every 12 hours intravenously to a maximum dose of 50 mg of tigecycline every 12 hours.
• Pediatric patients aged 12 to 17 years should receive 50 mg of tigecycline every 12 hours.

The proposed pediatric doses of tigecycline were chosen based on exposures observed in pharmacokinetic trials, which included small numbers of pediatric patients [seeUse In Specific PopulationsandCLINICAL PHARMACOLOGY].

There are no data to provide dosing recommendations in pediatric patients with hepatic impairment.

Preparation And Administration

Each vial of tigecycline for injection should be reconstituted with 5.3 mL of 0.9% Sodium Chloride Injection, USP, 5% Dextrose Injection, USP, or Lactated Ringer's Injection, USP to achieve a concentration of 10 mg/mL of tigecycline. (Note: Each vial contains a 6% overage. Thus, 5 mL of reconstituted solution is equivalent to 50 mg of the drug.) The vial should be gently swirled until the drug dissolves. Reconstituted solution must be transferred and further diluted for intravenous infusion. Withdraw 5 mL of the reconstituted solution from the vial and add to a 100 mL intravenous bag for infusion (for a 100 mg dose, reconstitute two vials; for a 50 mg dose, reconstitute one vial). The maximum concentration in the intravenous bag should be 1 mg/mL.The reconstituted solution should be yellow to orange in color; if not, the solution should be discarded.注射用药物的药物产品应检查visually for particulate matter and discoloration (e.g., green or black) prior to administration. Once reconstituted, tigecycline for injection may be stored at room temperature (not to exceed 25°C/77°F) for up to 24 hours (up to 6 hours in the vial and the remaining time in the intravenous bag). If the storage conditions exceed 25°C (77°F) after reconstitution, tigecycline should be used immediately. Alternatively, tigecycline for injection mixed with 0.9% Sodium Chloride Injection, USP or 5% Dextrose Injection, USP may be stored refrigerated at 2° to 8°C (36° to 46°F) for up to 48 hours following immediate transfer of the reconstituted solution into the intravenous bag.

Tigecycline for injection may be administered intravenously through a dedicated line or through a Y-site. If the same intravenous line is used for sequential infusion of several drugs, the line should be flushed before and after infusion of tigecycline for injection with 0.9% Sodium Chloride Injection, USP, 5% Dextrose Injection, USP or Lactated Ringer’s Injection, USP. Injection should be made with an infusion solution compatible with tigecycline and with any other drug(s) administered via this common line.

Drug Compatibilities

Compatible intravenous solutions include 0.9% Sodium Chloride Injection, USP, 5% Dextrose Injection, USP, and Lactated Ringer’s Injection, USP. When administered through a Y-site, tigecycline for injection is compatible with the following drugs or diluents when used with either 0.9% Sodium Chloride Injection, USP or 5% Dextrose Injection, USP: amikacin, dobutamine, dopamine HCl, gentamicin, Lactated Ringer’s, lidocaine HCl, metoclopramide, morphine, norepinephrine, potassium chloride, propofol (tested with 5% Dextrose Injection, USP only), ranitidine HCl, theophylline, and tobramycin.

Drug Incompatibilities

The following drugs should not be administered simultaneously through the same Y-site as tigecycline for injection: amphotericin B, amphotericin B lipid complex, diazepam, esomeprazole, haloperidol and omeprazole.

HOW SUPPLIED

Dosage Forms And Strengths

For Injection

Each single dose 10 mL glass vial contains 50 mg of tigecycline for injection, USP as an orange lyophilized powder for reconstitution.

Storage And Handling

Tigecycline for injection, USPis supplied in a single dose 10 mL glass vial, containing 50 mg tigecycline lyophilized powder for reconstitution. The 10 mL vials are supplied in packages of ten (NDC# 63323-960-10).

Prior to reconstitution, Tigecycline for injection, USP should be stored at 20° to 25°C (68° to 77°F) [see USP Controlled Room Temperature].

The reconstituted solution of Tigecycline for injection, USP may be stored at room temperature (not to exceed 25°C/77°F) for up to 24 hours (up to 6 hours in the vial and the remaining time in the intravenous bag) [seeDOSAGE AND ADMINISTRATION].

The container closure is not made with natural rubber latex.

Manufactured by: Fresenius Kabi Lake Zurich, IL 60047. Revised: Apr 2019

SIDE EFFECTS

The following serious adverse reactions are described elsewhere in the labeling:

• All-Cause Mortality [seeBOX WARNINGand警告ANDPRECAUTIONS]
• Mortality Imbalance and Lower Cure Rates in Hospital-Acquired Pneumonia [see警告ANDPRECAUTIONS]
• Anaphylaxis [警告ANDPRECAUTIONS]
• Hepatic Adverse Effects [警告ANDPRECAUTIONS]
• Pancreatitis [警告ANDPRECAUTIONS]

Clinical Trials Experience

Because clinical trials are conducted under widely varying conditions, adverse reaction rates observed in the clinical trials of a drug cannot be directly compared to rates in the clinical trials of another drug and may not reflect the rates observed in practice.

In clinical trials, 2,514 patients were treated with tigecycline. Tigecycline was discontinued due to adverse reactions in 7% of patients compared to 6% for all comparators. Table 1 shows the incidence of adverse reactions through test of cure reported in ≥ 2% of patients in these trials.

Table 1. Incidence (%) of Adverse Reactions Through Test of Cure Reported in ≥ 2% of Patients Treated in Clinical Studies

Body System	Tigecycline	Comparatorsa
Adverse Reactions	(N=2,514)	(N=2,307)
Body as a Whole
Abdominal pain	6	4
Abscess	2	2
Asthenia	3	2
Headache	6	7
Infection	7	5
Cardiovascular System
Phlebitis	3	4
Digestive System
Diarrhea	12	11
Dyspepsia	2	2
Nausea	26	13
Vomiting	18	9
Hemic and Lymphatic System
Anemia	5	6
Metabolic and Nutritional
Alkaline Phosphatase Increased	3	3
Amylase Increased	3	2
Bilirubinemia	2	1
BUN Increased	3	1
Healing Abnormal	3	2
Hyponatremia	2	1
Hypoproteinemia	5	3
SGOT Increasedb	4	5
SGPT Increasedb	5	5
Respiratory System
Pneumonia	2	2
Nervous System
Dizziness	3	3
Skin and Appendages
Rash	3	4
aVancomycin/Aztreonam, Imipenem/Cilastatin, Levofloxacin, Linezolid. bLFT abnormalities in tigecycline-treated patients were reported more frequently in the post therapy period than those in comparator-treated patients, which occurred more often on therapy.

In all 13 Phase 3 and 4 trials that included a comparator, death occurred in 4.0% (150/3,788) of patients receiving tigecycline and 3.0% (110/3,646) of patients receiving comparator drugs. In a pooled analysis of these trials, based on a random effects model by trial weight, an adjusted risk difference of all-cause mortality was 0.6% (95% CI 0.1, 1.2) between tigecycline and comparator-treated patients (see Table 2). The cause of the imbalance has not been established. Generally, deaths were the result of worsening infection, complications of infection or underlying co-morbidities.

Table 2. Patients with Outcome of Death by Infection Type

Infection Type	Tigecycline		Comparator		Risk Difference*
	n/N	%	n/N	%	% (95% CI)
cSSSI	12/834	1.4	6/813	0.7	0.7 (-0.3, 1.7)
cIAI	42/1,382	3.0	31/1,393	2.2	0.8 (-0.4, 2.0)
CAP	12/424	2.8	11/422	2.6	0.2 (-2.0, 2.4)
HAP	66/467	14.1	57/467	12.2	1.9 (-2.4, 6.3)
Non-VAPa	41/336	12.2	42/345	12.2	0.0 (-4.9, 4.9)
VAPa	25/131	19.1	15/122	12.3	6.8 (-2.1, 15.7)
RP	11/128	8.6	2/43	4.7	3.9 (-4.0, 11.9)
发展类金融机构	7/553	1.3	3/508	0.6	0.7 (-0.5, 1.8)
Overall Adjusted	150/3,788	4.0	110/3,646	3.0	0.6 (0.1, 1.2)**
CAP = Community-acquired pneumonia; cIAI = Complicated intra-abdominal infections; cSSSI = Complicated skin and skin structure infections; HAP = Hospital-acquired pneumonia; VAP = Ventilator-associated pneumonia; RP = Resistant pathogens; DFI = Diabetic foot infections. * The difference between the percentage of patients who died in tigecycline and comparator treatment groups. The 95% CI for each infection type was calculated using the normal approximation method without continuity correction. ** Overall adjusted (random effects model by trial weight) risk difference estimate and 95% CI. aThese are subgroups of the HAP population. Note: The studies include 300, 305, 900 (cSSSI), 301, 306, 315, 316, 400 (cIAI), 308 and 313 (CAP), 311 (HAP), 307 [Resistant gram-positive pathogen study in patients with MRSA or Vancomycin-Resistant Enterococcus (VRE)], and 319 (DFI with and without osteomyelitis).

An analysis of mortality in all trials conducted for approved indications -cSSSI, cIAI, and CABP, including post-market trials (one in cSSSI and two in cIAI) -showed an adjusted mortality rate of 2.5% (66/2,640) for tigecycline and 1.8% (48/2,628) for comparator, respectively. The adjusted risk difference for mortality stratified by trial weight was 0.6% (95% CI 0.0, 1.2).

In comparative clinical studies, infection-related serious adverse reactions were more frequently reported for subjects treated with tigecycline (7%) versus comparators (6%). Serious adverse reactions of sepsis/septic shock were more frequently reported for subjects treated with tigecycline (2%) versus comparators (1%). Due to baseline differences between treatment groups in this subset of patients, the relationship of this outcome to treatment cannot be established [see警告ANDPRECAUTIONS].

最常见的不良反应是恶心vomiting which generally occurred during the first 1 to 2 days of therapy. The majority of cases of nausea and vomiting associated with tigecycline and comparators were either mild or moderate in severity. In patients treated with tigecycline, nausea incidence was 26% (17% mild, 8% moderate, 1% severe) and vomiting incidence was 18% (11% mild, 6% moderate, 1% severe).

In patients treated for complicated skin and skin structure infections (cSSSI), nausea incidence was 35% for tigecycline and 9% for vancomycin/aztreonam; vomiting incidence was 20% for tigecycline and 4% for vancomycin/aztreonam. In patients treated for complicated intra-abdominal infections (cIAI), nausea incidence was 25% for tigecycline and 21% for imipenem/cilastatin; vomiting incidence was 20% for tigecycline and 15% for imipenem/cilastatin. In patients treated for community-acquired bacterial pneumonia (CABP), nausea incidence was 24% for tigecycline and 8% for levofloxacin; vomiting incidence was 16% for tigecycline and 6% for levofloxacin.

Discontinuation from tigecycline was most frequently associated with nausea (1%) and vomiting (1%). For comparators, discontinuation was most frequently associated with nausea (< 1%).

The following adverse reactions were reported (< 2%) in patients receiving tigecycline in clinical studies:

Body as a Whole:injection site inflammation, injection site pain, injection site reaction, septic shock, allergic reaction, chills, injection site edema, injection site phlebitis

Cardiovascular System:thrombophlebitis

Digestive System:anorexia, jaundice, abnormal stools

Metabolic/Nutritional System:increased creatinine, hypocalcemia, hypoglycemia

Special Senses:品味曲解

Hemic and Lymphatic System:prolonged activated partial thromboplastin time (aPTT), prolonged prothrombin time (PT), eosinophilia, increased international normalized ratio (INR), thrombocytopenia

Skin and Appendages:pruritus

Urogenital System:vaginal moniliasis, vaginitis, leukorrhea

Post-Marketing Experience

The following adverse reactions have been identified during post-approval use of tigecycline. Because these reactions are reported voluntarily from a population of uncertain size, it is not always possible to reliably estimate their frequency or establish causal relationship to drug exposure.

• anaphylactic reactions
• acute pancreatitis
• hepatic cholestasis, and jaundice
• severe skin reactions, including Stevens-Johnson Syndrome
• symptomatic hypoglycemia in patients with and without diabetes mellitus

DRUG INTERACTIONS

Warfarin

Prothrombin time or other suitable anticoagulation test should be monitored if tigecycline is administered with warfarin [seeCLINICAL PHARMACOLOGY].

Oral Contraceptives

Concurrent use of antibacterial drugs with oral contraceptives may render oral contraceptives less effective.

警告

Included as part of the"PRECAUTIONS"Section

PRECAUTIONS

All-Cause Mortality

An increase in all-cause mortality has been observed in a meta-analysis of Phase 3 and 4 clinical trials in tigecycline-treated patients versus comparator-treated patients. In all 13 Phase 3 and 4 trials that included a comparator, death occurred in 4.0% (150/3,788) of patients receiving tigecycline and 3.0% (110/3,646) of patients receiving comparator drugs. In a pooled analysis of these trials, based on a random effects model by trial weight, the adjusted risk difference of all-cause mortality was 0.6% (95% CI 0.1, 1.2) between tigecycline and comparator-treated patients. An analysis of mortality in all trials conducted for approved indications (cSSSI, cIAI, and CABP), including post-market trials showed an adjusted mortality rate of 2.5% (66/2,640) for tigecycline and 1.8% (48/2,628) for comparator, respectively. The adjusted risk difference for mortality stratified by trial weight was 0.6% (95% CI 0.0, 1.2).

The cause of this mortality difference has not been established. Generally, deaths were the result of worsening infection, complications of infection or underlying co-morbidities. Tigecycline should be reserved for use in situations when alternative treatments are not suitable [seeBOX WARNING,INDICATIONS,Mortality Imbalance And Lower Cure Rates In Hospital-Acquired PneumoniaandADVERSE REACTIONS].

Mortality Imbalance And Lower Cure Rates In Hospital-Acquired Pneumonia

A trial of patients with hospital acquired, including ventilator-associated, pneumonia failed to demonstrate the efficacy of tigecycline. In this trial, patients were randomized to receive tigecycline (100 mg initially, then 50 mg every 12 hours) or a comparator. In addition, patients were allowed to receive specified adjunctive therapies. The sub-group of patients with ventilator-associated pneumonia who received tigecycline had lower cure rates (47.9% versus 70.1% for the clinically evaluable population).

In this trial, greater mortality was seen in patients with ventilator-associated pneumonia who received tigecycline (25/131 [19.1%] versus 15/122 [12.3%] in comparator-treated patients) [seeADVERSE REACTIONS]. Particularly high mortality was seen among tigecycline-treated patients with ventilator-associated pneumonia and bacteremia at baseline (9/18 [50.0%] versus 1/13 [7.7%] in comparator-treated patients).

Anaphylactic Reactions

过敏反应与恩颐投资已报告rly all antibacterial agents, including tigecycline, and may be life-threatening. Tigecycline is structurally similar to tetracycline-class antibiotics and should be avoided in patients with known hypersensitivity to tetracycline-class antibiotics.

Hepatic Adverse Effects

Increases in total bilirubin concentration, prothrombin time and transaminases have been seen in patients treated with tigecycline. Isolated cases of significant hepatic dysfunction and hepatic failure have been reported in patients being treated with tigecycline. Some of these patients were receiving multiple concomitant medications. Patients who develop abnormal liver function tests during tigecycline therapy should be monitored for evidence of worsening hepatic function and evaluated for risk/benefit of continuing tigecycline therapy. Hepatic dysfunction may occur after the drug has been discontinued.

Pancreatitis

Acute pancreatitis, including fatal cases, has occurred in association with tigecycline treatment. The diagnosis of acute pancreatitis should be considered in patients taking tigecycline who develop clinical symptoms, signs, or laboratory abnormalities suggestive of acute pancreatitis. Cases have been reported in patients without known risk factors for pancreatitis. Patients usually improve after tigecycline discontinuation. Consideration should be given to the cessation of the treatment with tigecycline in cases suspected of having developed pancreatitis [seeADVERSE REACTIONS].

Fetal Harm

Tigecycline May Cause Fetal Harm When Administered To A Pregnant Woman.If the patient becomes pregnant while taking tigecycline, the patient should be apprised of the potential hazard to the fetus. Results of animal studies indicate that tigecycline crosses the placenta and is found in fetal tissues. Decreased fetal weights in rats and rabbits (with associated delays in ossification) and fetal loss in rabbits have been observed with tigecycline [seeUse In Specific Populations].

Tooth Discoloration

The use of tigecycline during tooth development (last half of pregnancy, infancy, and childhood to the age of 8 years) may cause permanent discoloration of the teeth(yellow-gray-brown). Results of studies in rats with tigecycline have shown bone discoloration. Tigecycline should not be used during tooth development unless other drugs are not likely to be effective or are contraindicated.

Clostridium Difficile Associated Diarrhea

Clostridium difficileassociated diarrhea (CDAD) has been reported with use of nearly all antibacterial agents, including tigecycline, and may range in severity from mild diarrhea to fatal colitis. Treatment with antibacterial agents alters the normal flora of the colon leading to overgrowth ofC. difficile.

C. difficileproduces toxins A and B which contribute to the development of CDAD. Hypertoxin producing strains ofC. difficile导致发病率和死亡率增加,因为这些infections can be refractory to antimicrobial therapy and may require colectomy. CDAD must be considered in all patients who present with diarrhea following antibiotic use. Careful medical history is necessary since CDAD has been reported to occur over two months after the administration of antibacterial agents.

If CDAD is suspected or confirmed, ongoing antibiotic use not directed againstC. difficilemay need to be discontinued. Appropriate fluid and electrolyte management, protein supplementation, antibiotic treatment ofC. difficile, and surgical evaluation should be instituted as clinically indicated.

Sepsis/Septic Shock In Patients With Intestinal Perforation

Monotherapy with tigecycline should be avoided in patients with complicated intra-abdominal infections (cIAI) secondary to clinically apparent intestinal perforation. In cIAI studies (n=1,642), 6 patients treated with tigecycline and 2 patients treated with imipenem/cilastatin presented with intestinal perforations and developed sepsis/septic shock. The 6 patients treated with tigecycline had higher APACHE II scores (median = 13) versus the 2 patients treated with imipenem/cilastatin (APACHE II scores = 4 and 6).

Due to differences in baseline APACHE II scores between treatment groups and small overall numbers, the relationship of this outcome to treatment cannot be established.

Tetracycline-Class Adverse Effects

Tigecycline is structurally similar to tetracycline-class antibacterial drugs and may have similar adverse effects. Such effects may include: photosensitivity, pseudotumor cerebri, and anti-anabolic action (which has led to increased BUN, azotemia, acidosis, and hyperphosphatemia).

Development Of Drug-Resistant Bacteria

Prescribing tigecycline for injection in the absence of a proven or strongly suspected bacterial infection is unlikely to provide benefit to the patient and increases the risk of the development of drug-resistant bacteria.

Nonclinical Toxicology

Carcinogenesis, Mutagenesis, Impairment Of Fertility

一生没有performe研究动物d to evaluate the carcinogenic potential of tigecycline. No mutagenic or clastogenic potential was found in a battery of tests, includingin vitrochromosome aberration assay in Chinese hamster ovary (CHO) cells,in vitroforward mutation assay in CHO cells (HGRPT locus),in vitroforward mutation assays in mouse lymphoma cells, andin vivomouse micronucleus assay. Tigecycline did not affect mating or fertility in rats at exposures up to 5 times the human daily dose based on AUC (28 mcg•hr/mL at 12 mg/kg/day). In female rats, there were no compound-related effects on ovaries or estrous cycles at exposures up to 5 times the human daily dose based on AUC.

Use In Specific Populations

Pregnancy

Teratogenic Effects

Pregnancy Category D

[see警告AND PRECAUTIONS]

Tigecycline was not teratogenic in the rat or rabbit. In preclinical safety studies,¹⁴C-labeled tigecycline crossed the placenta and was found in fetal tissues, including fetal bony structures. The administration of tigecycline was associated with reductions in fetal weights and an increased incidence of skeletal anomalies (delays in bone ossification) at exposures of 5 times and 1 times the human daily dose based on AUC in rats and rabbits, respectively (28 mcg•hr/mL and 6 mcg•hr/mL at 12 and 4 mg/kg/day). An increased incidence of fetal loss was observed at maternotoxic doses in the rabbits with exposure equivalent to human dose.

There are no adequate and well-controlled studies of tigecycline in pregnant women. Tigecycline should be used during pregnancy only if the potential benefit justifies the potential risk to the fetus.

Nursing Mothers

Results from animal studies using¹⁴C-labeled tigecycline indicate that tigecycline is excreted readily via the milk of lactating rats. Consistent with the limited oral bioavailability of tigecycline, there is little or no systemic exposure to tigecycline in nursing pups as a result of exposure via maternal milk.

It is not known whether this drug is excreted in human milk. Because many drugs are excreted in human milk, caution should be exercised when tigecycline is administered to a nursing woman [see警告AND PRECAUTIONS].

Pediatric Use

Use in patients under 18 years of age is not recommended. Safety and effectiveness in pediatric patients below the age of 18 years have not been established. Because of the increased mortality observed in tigecycline-treated adult patients in clinical trials, pediatric trials of tigecycline to evaluate the safety and efficacy of tigecycline were not conducted.

In situations where there are no other alternative antibacterial drugs, dosing has been proposed for pediatric patients 8 to 17 years of age based on data from pediatric pharmacokinetic studies [seeDOSAGE AND ADMINISTRATIONandCLINICAL PHARMACOLOGY].

Because of effects on tooth development, use in patients under 8 years of age is not recommended [see警告AND PRECAUTIONS].

Geriatric Use

Of the total number of subjects who received tigecycline in Phase 3 clinical studies (n=2,514), 664 were 65 and over, while 288 were 75 and over. No overall differences in safety or effectiveness were observed between these subjects and younger subjects, but greater sensitivity to adverse events of some older individuals cannot be ruled out.

No significant difference in tigecycline exposure was observed between healthy elderly subjects and younger subjects following a single 100 mg dose of tigecycline [seeCLINICAL PHARMACOLOGY].

Hepatic Impairment

No dosage adjustment is warranted in patients with mild to moderate hepatic impairment (Child Pugh A and Child Pugh B). In patients with severe hepatic impairment (Child Pugh C), the initial dose of tigecycline should be 100 mg followed by a reduced maintenance dose of 25 mg every 12 hours. Patients with severe hepatic impairment (Child Pugh C) should be treated with caution and monitored for treatment response [seeCLINICAL PHARMACOLOGYandDOSAGE AND ADMINISTRATION].

OVERDOSE

No specific information is available on the treatment of overdosage with tigecycline.

Intravenous administration of tigecycline at a single dose of 300 mg over 60 minutes in healthy volunteers resulted in an increased incidence of nausea and vomiting. Tigecycline is not removed in significant quantities by hemodialysis.

CONTRAINDICATIONS

Tigecycline for injection is contraindicated for use in patients who have known hypersensitivity to tigecycline. Reactions have included anaphylactic reactions [see警告ANDPRECAUTIONSandADVERSE REACTIONS].

CLINICAL PHARMACOLOGY

Mechanism Of Action

Tigecycline is a tetracycline class antibacterial [seeMicrobiology].

Pharmacodynamics

Cardiac Electrophysiology

No significant effect of a single intravenous dose of tigecycline 50 mg or 200 mg on QTc interval was detected in a randomized, placebo-and active-controlled four-arm crossover thorough QTc study of 46 healthy subjects.

Pharmacokinetics

The mean pharmacokinetic parameters of tigecycline after single and multiple intravenous doses based on pooled data from clinical pharmacology studies are summarized in Table 3. Intravenous infusions of tigecycline were administered over approximately 30 to 60 minutes.

Table 3. Mean (CV%) Pharmacokinetic Parameters of Tigecycline

	Single Dose 100 mg (N=224)	Multiple Dosea 50 mg every 12h (N=103)
Cmax (mcg/mL)b	1.45 (22%)	0.87 (27%)
Cmax (mcg/mL)c	0.90 (30%)	0.63 (15%)
AUC (mcg•h/mL)	5.19 (36%)	-
AUC0- 24h (mcg•h/mL)	-	4.7 (36%)
Cmin (mcg/mL)	-	0.13 (59%)
t½(h)	27.1 (53%)	42.4 (83%)
CL (L/h)	21.8 (40%)	23.8 (33%)
CLr(mL/min)	38.0 (82%)	51.0 (58%)
Vss(L)	568 (43%)	639 (48%)
a100 mg initially, followed by 50 mg every 12 hours b30-minute infusion c60-minute infusion

Distribution

Thein vitroplasma protein binding of tigecycline ranges from approximately 71% to 89% at concentrations observed in clinical studies (0.1 to 1.0 mcg/mL). The steady-state volume of distribution of tigecycline averaged 500 to 700 L (7 to 9 L/kg), indicating tigecycline is extensively distributed beyond the plasma volume and into the tissues.

Following the administration of tigecycline 100 mg followed by 50 mg every 12 hours to 33 healthy volunteers, the tigecycline AUC0-12h (134 mcg•h/mL) inalveolarcells was approximately 78-fold higher than the AUC0-12h in the serum, and the AUC0-12h (2.28 mcg•h/mL) inepitheliallining fluid was approximately 32% higher than the AUC0-12h in serum. The AUC0-12h (1.61 mcg•h/mL) of tigecycline in skin blister fluid was approximately 26% lower than the AUC0-12h in the serum of 10 healthy subjects.

In a single-dose study, tigecycline 100 mg was administered to subjects prior to undergoingelective surgeryor medical procedure for tissue extraction. Concentrations at 4 hours after tigecycline administration were higher ingallbladder(38-fold, n=6), lung (3.7-fold, n=5), andcolon(2.3-fold, n=6), and lower insynovial fluid(0.58-fold, n=5), and bone (0.35-fold, n=6) relative to serum. The concentration of tigecycline in these tissues after multiple doses has not been studied.

Elimination

Metabolism

Tigecycline is not extensively metabolized.In vitrostudies with tigecycline using human liver microsomes, liver slices, and hepatocytes led to the formation of only trace amounts of metabolites. In healthy male volunteers receiving¹⁴C-tigecycline, tigecycline was the primary¹⁴C-labeled material recovered in urine and feces, but a glucuronide, an N-acetyl metabolite, and a tigecycline epimer (each at no more than 10% of the administered dose) were also present.

Tigecycline is a substrate of P-glycoprotein(P-gp) based on anin vitrostudy using a cell line overexpressing P-gp. The potential contribution of P-gp-mediated transport to thein vivodisposition of tigecycline is not known.

Excretion

The recovery of total radioactivity in feces and urine following administration of¹⁴C -tigecycline indicates that 59% of the dose is eliminated bybiliary/fecal excretion, and 33% is excreted in urine. Approximately 22% of the total dose is excreted as unchanged tigecycline in urine. Overall, the primary route of elimination for tigecycline is biliary excretion of unchanged tigecycline and its metabolites. Glucuronidation and renal excretion of unchanged tigecycline are secondary routes.

Specific Populations

Hepatic Impairment

在一项研究中比较轻微的肝患者10impairment (Child Pugh A), 10 patients with moderate hepatic impairment (Child Pugh B), and 5 patients with severe hepatic impairment (Child Pugh C) to 23 age and weight matched healthy control subjects, the single-dose pharmacokinetic disposition of tigecycline was not altered in patients with mild hepatic impairment. However, systemic clearance of tigecycline was reduced by 25% and the half-life of tigecycline was prolonged by 23% in patients with moderate hepatic impairment (Child Pugh B). Systemic clearance of tigecycline was reduced by 55%, and the half-life of tigecycline was prolonged by 43% in patients with severe hepatic impairment (Child Pugh C). Dosage adjustment is necessary in patients with severe hepatic impairment (Child Pugh C) [seeUse In Specific PopulationsandDOSAGE AND ADMINISTRATION].

Renal Impairment

A single dose study compared 6 subjects with severe renal impairment (creatinine clearance < 30 mL/min), 4end stagerenal disease (ESRD) patients receiving tigecycline 2 hours beforehemodialysis, 4 ESRD patients receiving tigecycline 1 hour after hemodialysis, and 6 healthy control subjects. The pharmacokinetic profile of tigecycline was not significantly altered in any of the renally impaired patient groups, nor was tigecycline removed by hemodialysis. No dosage adjustment of tigecycline is necessary in patients with renal impairment or in patients undergoing hemodialysis.

Geriatric Patients

No significant differences in pharmacokinetics were observed between healthy elderly subjects (n=15, age 65 to 75; n=13, age > 75) and younger subjects (n=18) receiving a single 100 mg dose of tigecycline. Therefore, no dosage adjustment is necessary based on age [seeUse In Specific Populations].

Pediatric Patients

A single-dose safety, tolerability, and pharmacokinetic study of tigecycline in pediatric patients aged 8 to 16 years who recently recovered from infections was conducted. The doses administered were 0.5, 1, or 2 mg/kg. The study showed that for children aged 12 to 16 years (n = 16) a dosage of 50 mg twice daily would likely result in exposures comparable to those observed in adults with the approved dosing regimen. Large variability observed in children aged 8 to 11 years of age (n = 8) required additional study to determine the appropriate dosage.

随后tigecycline研究研究有限公司nducted in 8 to 11 year old patients with cIAI, cSSSI, or CABP. The doses of tigecycline studied were 0.75 mg/kg (n = 17), 1 mg/kg (n = 21), and 1.25 mg/kg (n=20). This study showed that for children aged 8 to 11 years, a 1.2 mg/kg dose would likely result in exposures comparable to those observed in adults resulting with the approved dosing regimen [seeDOSAGE AND ADMINISTRATION].

Gender

In a pooled analysis of 38 women and 298 men participating in clinicalpharmacologystudies, there was no significant difference in the mean (± SD) tigecycline clearance between women (20.7 ± 6.5 L/h) and men (22.8 ± 8.7 L/h). Therefore, no dosage adjustment is necessary based on gender.

Race

In a pooled analysis of 73 Asian subjects, 53 Black subjects, 15 Hispanic subjects, 190 White subjects, and 3 subjects classified as “other” participating in clinical pharmacology studies, there was no significant difference in the mean (± SD) tigecycline clearance among the Asian subjects (28.8 ± 8.8 L/h), Black subjects (23 ± 7.8 L/h), Hispanic subjects (24.3 ± 6.5 L/h), White subjects (22.1 ± 8.9 L/h), and “other” subjects (25 ± 4.8 L/h). Therefore, no dosage adjustment is necessary based on race.

Drug Interaction Studies

Digoxin

Tigecycline(100毫克50毫克每12侯紧随其后rs) and digoxin (0.5 mg followed by 0.25 mg, orally, every 24 hours) were co-administered to healthy subjects in a drug interaction study. Tigecycline slightly decreased the Cmax of digoxin by 13%, but did not affect the AUC or clearance of digoxin. This small change in Cmax did not affect the steady-state pharmacodynamic effects of digoxin as measured by changes inECGintervals. In addition, digoxin did not affect the pharmacokinetic profile of tigecycline. Therefore, no dosage adjustment of either drug is necessary when tigecycline is administered with digoxin.

Warfarin

伴随tigecycline管理局(100毫克followed by 50 mg every 12 hours) and warfarin (25 mg single-dose) to healthy subjects resulted in a decrease in clearance of R-warfarin and S-warfarin by 40% and 23%, an increase in Cmax by 38% and 43% and an increase in AUC by 68% and 29%, respectively. Tigecycline did not significantly alter the effects of warfarin on INR. In addition, warfarin did not affect the pharmacokinetic profile of tigecycline. However,prothrombin timeor other suitable anticoagulation test should be monitored if tigecycline is administered with warfarin.

In vitrostudies in human liver microsomes indicate that tigecycline does not inhibitmetabolism由下列6细胞色素P450(CYP) isoforms: 1A2, 2C8, 2C9, 2C19, 2D6, and 3A4. Therefore, tigecycline is not expected to alter the metabolism of drugs metabolized by these enzymes. In addition, because tigecycline is not extensively metabolized, clearance of tigecycline is not expected to be affected by drugs that inhibit or induce the activity of these CYP450 isoforms.

In vitrostudies using Caco-2 cells indicate that tigecycline does not inhibit digoxin flux, suggesting that tigecycline is not a P-glycoprotein (P-gp) inhibitor. Thisin vitroinformation is consistent with the lack of effect of tigecycline on digoxin clearance noted in thein vivodrug interaction study described above.

Tigecycline is a substrate of P-gp based on anin vitrostudy using a cell line overexpressing Pgp. The potential contribution of P-gp-mediated transport to thein vivodisposition of tigecycline is not known. Coadministration of P-gp inhibitors (e.g., ketoconazole or cyclosporine) or P-gp inducers (e.g., rifampicin) could affect the pharmacokinetics of tigecycline.

Microbiology

Mechanism Of Action

Tigecycline inhibits proteintranslationin bacteria by binding to the 30S ribosomal subunit and blocking entry of amino-acyltRNAmolecules into the A site of theribosome. This prevents incorporation ofamino acidresidues into elongatingpeptidechains. In general, tigecycline is consideredbacteriostatic; however, tigecycline has demonstrated bactericidal activity against isolates ofS. pneumoniaeandL. pneumophila.

Resistance

To date there has been no cross-resistance observed between tigecycline and other antibacterials. Tigecycline is less affected by the two major tetracycline-resistance mechanisms, ribosomal protection and efflux. Additionally, tigecycline is not affected by resistance mechanisms such as beta-lactamases (including extended spectrum betalactamases), target-site modifications,macrolideefflux pumps or enzyme target changes (e.g. gyrase/topoisomerases). However, some ESBL-producing isolates may confer resistance to tigecycline via other resistance mechanisms. Tigecycline resistance in some bacteria (e.g.Acinetobactercalcoaceticus-Acinetobacter baumanniicomplex) is associated with multi-drug resistant (MDR) efflux pumps.

Interaction With Other Antimicrobials

In vitrostudies have not demonstrated antagonism between tigecycline and other commonly used antibacterials.

Antimicrobial Activity

Tigecycline has been shown to be active against most of the followingmicroorganisms, bothin vitroand in clinical infections [seeINDICATIONS].

Gram-positive Bacteria

Enterococcus faecalis(vancomycin-susceptible isolates)
Staphylococcus aureus(methicillin-susceptible and -resistant isolates)
Streptococcus agalactiae
Streptococcus anginosusgroup (includesS. anginosus, S. intermedius,andS. constellatus)
Streptococcus pneumoniae(penicillin-susceptible isolates)
Streptococcus pyogenes

Gram-negative Bacteria

Citrobacter freundii
Enterobacter cloacae
Escherichia coli
Haemophilus influenzae
Klebsiella oxytoca
Klebsiella pneumoniae
Legionella pneumophila

Anaerobic Bacteria

Bacteroides fragilis
Bacteroides thetaiotaomicron
Bacteroides uniformis
Bacteroides vulgatus
Clostridium perfringens
Peptostreptococcus micros

The followingin vitrodata are available, but their clinical significance is unknown. At least 90 percent of the following bacteria exhibit anin vitrominimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) less than or equal to the susceptible breakpoint for tigecycline against isolates of similar genus or organism group. However, the efficacy of tigecycline in treating clinical infections caused by these bacteria has not been established in adequate and well-controlled clinical trials.

Gram-positive Bacteria

Enterococcus avium
Enterococcus casseliflavus
Enterococcus faecalis(vancomycin-resistant isolates)
Enterococcus faecium(vancomycin-susceptible and -resistant isolates)
Enterococcus gallinarum
Listeria monocytogenes
Staphylococcus epidermidis(methicillin-susceptible and -resistant isolates)
Staphylococcus haemolyticus

Gram-negative Bacteria

Acinetobacter baumannii*
Aeromonas hydrophila
Citrobacter koseri
Enterobacter aerogenes
Haemophilus influenzae(ampicillin-resistant)
Haemophilus parainfluenzae
Pasteurella multocida
Serratia marcescens
Stenotrophomonas maltophilia

Anaerobic Bacteria

Bacteroides distasonis
Bacteroides ovatus
Peptostreptococcusspp.
Porphyromonasspp.
Prevotellaspp.

Other Bacteria

Mycobacterium abscessus
Mycobacterium fortuitum

*There have been reports of the development of tigecycline resistance in Acinetobacter infections seen during the course of standard treatment. Such resistance appears to be attributable to an MDR efflux pump mechanism. While monitoring for relapse of infection is important for all infected patients, more frequent monitoring in this case is suggested. If relapse is suspected, blood and other specimens should be obtained and cultured for the presence of bacteria. All bacterial isolates should be identified and tested for susceptibility to tigecycline and other appropriate antimicrobials.

Susceptibility Testing

For specific information regarding susceptibility test interpretive criteria and associated test methods and quality control standards recognized by FDA for this drug, please see:https://www.fda.gov/STIC.

Animal Toxicology And/Or Pharmacology

In two week studies, decreased erythrocytes, reticulocytes, leukocytes, and platelets, in association with bone marrow hypocellularity, have been seen with tigecycline at exposures of 8 times and 10 times the human daily dose based on AUC in rats and dogs, (AUC of approximately 50 and 60 mcg•hr/mL at doses of 30 and 12 mg/kg/day) respectively. These alterations were shown to be reversible after two weeks of dosing.

Clinical Studies

Complicated Skin And Skin Structure Infections

Tigecycline was evaluated in adults for the treatment of complicated skin and skin structure infections (cSSSI) in two randomized, double-blind, active-controlled, multinational, multicenter studies (Studies 300 and 305). These studies compared tigecycline (100 mg intravenous initial dose followed by 50 mg every 12 hours) with vancomycin (1 g intravenous every 12 hours)/aztreonam (2 g intravenous every 12 hours) for 5 to 14 days. Patients with complicated deep soft tissue infections including wound infections and cellulitis (≥ 10 cm, requiring surgery/drainage or with complicated underlying disease), major abscesses, infected ulcers, and burns were enrolled in the studies. The primary efficacy endpoint was the clinical response at the test of cure (TOC) visit in the co-primary populations of the clinically evaluable (CE) and clinical modified intent-to-treat (c-mITT) patients. See Table 4. Clinical cure rates at TOC by pathogen in the microbiologically evaluable patients are presented in Table 5.

Table 4. Clinical Cure Rates from Two Studies in Complicated Skin and Skin Structure Infections after 5 to 14 Days of Therapy

	Tigecyclinea n/N (%)	Vancomycin/ Aztreonamb n/N (%)
Study 300
CE	165/199 (82.9)	163/198 (82.3)
c-mITT	209/277 (75.5)	200/260 (76.9)
Study 305
CE	200/223 (89.7)	201/213 (94.4)
c-mITT	220/261 (84.3)	225/259 (86.9)
a100 mg initially, followed by 50 mg every 12 hours bVancomycin (1 g every 12 hours)/Aztreonam (2 g every 12 hours)

Table 5. Clinical Cure Rates by Infecting Pathogen in Microbiologically Evaluable Patients with Complicated Skin and Skin Structure Infections^a

Pathogen	Tigecycline n/N (%)	Vancomycin/ Aztreonam n/N (%)
Escherichia coli	29/36 (80.6)	26/30 (86.7)
Enterobacter cloacae	10/12 (83.3)	15/15 (100)
Enterococcus faecalis(vancomycin-susceptible only)	15/21 (71.4)	19/24 (79.2)
Klebsiella pneumoniae	12/14 (85.7)	15/16 (93.8)
Methicillin-susceptibleStaphylococcus aureus(MSSA)	124/137 (90.5)	113/120 (94.2)
Methicillin-resistantStaphylococcus aureus(MRSA)	79/95 (83.2)	46/57 (80.7)
Streptococcus agalactiae	8/8 (100)	11/14 (78.6)
Streptococcus anginosusgrpb	17/21 (81.0)	9/10 (90.0)
Streptococcus pyogenes	31/32 (96.9)	24/27 (88.9)
Bacteroides fragilis	7/9 (77.8)	4/5 (80.0)
aTwo cSSSI pivotal studies and two Resistant Pathogen studies bIncludesStreptococcus anginosus, Streptococcus intermedius, andStreptococcus constellatus

Complicated Intra-Abdominal Infections

Tigecycline was evaluated in adults for the treatment of complicated intra-abdominal infections (cIAI) in two randomized, double-blind, active-controlled, multinational, multicenter studies (Studies 301 and 306). These studies compared tigecycline (100 mg intravenous initial dose followed by 50 mg every 12 hours) with imipenem/cilastatin (500 mg intravenous every 6 hours) for 5 to 14 days. Patients with complicated diagnoses including appendicitis, cholecystitis, diverticulitis, gastric/duodenal perforation, intra-abdominal abscess, perforation of intestine, and peritonitis were enrolled in the studies. The primary efficacy endpoint was the clinical response at the TOC visit for the co-primary populations of the microbiologically evaluable (ME) and the microbiologic modified intent-to-treat (m-mITT) patients. See Table 6. Clinical cure rates at TOC by pathogen in the microbiologically evaluable patients are presented in Table 7.

Table 6. Clinical Cure Rates from Two Studies in Complicated Intra-abdominal Infections after 5 to 14 Days of Therapy

	Tigecyclinea n/N (%)	Imipenem/ Cilastatinb n/N (%)
Study 301
ME	199/247 (80.6)	210/255 (82.4)
m-mITT	227/309 (73.5)	244/312 (78.2)
Study 306
ME	242/265 (91.3)	232/258 (89.9)
m-mITT	279/322 (86.6)	270/319 (84.6)
a100 mg initially, followed by 50 mg every 12 hours bImipenem/Cilastatin (500 mg every 6 hours)

Table 7. Clinical Cure Rates by Infecting Pathogen in Microbiologically Evaluable Patients with Complicated Intra-abdominal Infections^a

Pathogen	Tigecycline n/N (%)	Imipenem/ Cilastatin n/N (%)
Citrobacter freundii	12/16 (75.0)	3/4 (75.0)
Enterobacter cloacae	15/17 (88.2)	16/17 (94.1)
Escherichia coli	284/336 (84.5)	297/342 (86.8)
Klebsiella oxytoca	19/20 (95.0)	17/19 (89.5)
Klebsiella pneumoniae	42/47 (89.4)	46/53 (86.8)
Enterococcus faecalis	29/38 (76.3)	35/47 (74.5)
Methicillin-susceptibleStaphylococcus aureus(MSSA)	26/28 (92.9)	22/24 (91.7)
Methicillin-resistantStaphylococcus aureus(MRSA)	16/18 (88.9)	1/3 (33.3)
Streptococcus anginosusgrpb	101/119 (84.9)	60/79 (75.9)
Bacteroides fragilis	68/88 (77.3)	59/73 (80.8)
Bacteroides thetaiotaomicron	36/41 (87.8)	31/36 (86.1)
Bacteroides uniformis	12/17 (70.6)	14/16 (87.5)
Bacteroides vulgatus	14/16 (87.5)	4/6 (66.7)
Clostridium perfringens	18/19 (94.7)	20/22 (90.9)
Peptostreptococcus micros	13/17 (76.5)	8/11 (72.7)
aTwo cIAI pivotal studies and two Resistant Pathogen studies bIncludesStreptococcus anginosus, Streptococcus intermedius,andStreptococcus constellatus

Community-Acquired Bacterial Pneumonia

Tigecycline was evaluated in adults for the treatment of community-acquired bacterial pneumonia (CABP) in two randomized, double-blind, active-controlled, multinational, multicenter studies (Studies 1 and 2). These studies compared tigecycline (100 mg intravenous initial dose followed by 50 mg every 12 hours) with levofloxacin (500 mg intravenous every 12 or 24 hours). In one study (Study 1), after at least 3 days of intravenous therapy, a switch to oral levofloxacin (500 mg daily) was permitted for both treatment arms. Total therapy was 7 to 14 days. Patients with community-acquired bacterial pneumonia who required hospitalization and intravenous therapy were enrolled in the studies. The primary efficacy endpoint was the clinical response at the test of cure (TOC) visit in the co-primary populations of the clinically evaluable (CE) and clinical modified intent-to-treat (c-mITT) patients. See Table 8. Clinical cure rates at TOC by pathogen in the microbiologically evaluable patients are presented in Table 9.

Table 8. Clinical Cure Rates from Two Studies in Community-Acquired Bacterial Pneumonia after 7 to 14 Days of Total Therapy

	Tigecyclinea n/N (%)	Levofloxacinb n/N (%)	95% CIc
Study 1d
CE	125/138 (90.6)	136/156 (87.2)	(-4.4, 11.2)
c-mITT	149/191 (78)	158/203 (77.8)	(-8.5, 8.9)
Study 2
CE	128/144 (88.9)	116/136 (85.3)	(-5, 12.2)
c-mITT	170/203 (83.7)	163/200 (81.5)	(-5.6, 10.1)
a100 mg initially, followed by 50 mg every 12 hours bLevofloxacin (500 mg intravenous every 12 or 24 hours) c95% confidence interval for the treatment difference dAfter at least 3 days of intravenous therapy, a switch to oral levofloxacin (500 mg daily) was permitted for both treatment arms in Study 1.

Table 9. Clinical Cure Rates by Infecting Pathogen in Microbiologically Evaluable Patients with Community-Acquired Bacterial Pneumonia^a

Pathogen	Tigecycline n/N (%)	Levofloxacin n/N (%)
Haemophilus influenzae	14/17 (82.4)	13/16 (81.3)
Legionella pneumophila	10/10 (100.0)	6/6 (100.0)
Streptococcus pneumoniae(penicillin-susceptible only)b	44/46 (95.7)	39/44 (88.6)
aTwo CABP studies bIncludes cases of concurrent bacteremia [cure rates of 20/22 (90.9%) versus 13/18 (72.2%) for tigecycline and levofloxacin respectively]

进一步评估tigecy的治疗效果cline, a post-hoc analysis was conducted in CABP patients with a higher risk of mortality, for whom the treatment effect of antibiotics is supported by historical evidence. The higher-risk group included CABP patients from the two studies with any of the following factors:

• Age ≥ 50 years
• PSI score ≥ 3
• Streptococcus pneumoniae bacteremia

The results of this analysis are shown in Table 10. Age ≥ 50 was the most common risk factor in the higher-risk group.

Table 10. Post-hoc Analysis of Clinical Cure Rates in Patients with Community-Acquired Bacterial Pneumonia Based on Risk of Mortality^a

	Tigecycline n/N (%)	Levofloxacin n/N (%)	95% CIb
Study 1c
CE
Higher risk
Yes	93/103 (90.3)	84/102 (82.4)	(-2.3, 18.2)
No	32/35 (91.4)	52/54 (96.3)	(-20.8, 7.1)
c-mITT
Higher risk
Yes	111/142 (78.2)	100/134 (74.6)	(-6.9, 14)
No	38/49 (77.6)	58/69 (84.1)	(-22.8, 8.7)
Study 2
CE
Higher risk
Yes	95/107 (88.8)	68/85 (80)	(-2.2, 20.3)
No	33/37 (89.2)	48/51 (94.1)	(-21.1, 8.6)
c-mITT
Higher risk
Yes	112/134 (83.6)	93/120 (77.5)	(-4.2, 16.4)
No	58/69 (84.1)	70/80 (87.5)	(-16.2, 8.8)
aPatients at higher risk of death include patients with any one of the following: ≥ 50 years of age; PSI score ≥ 3; or bacteremia due toStreptococcus pneumoniae b95% confidence interval for the treatment difference cAfter at least 3 days of intravenous therapy, a switch to oral levofloxacin (500 mg daily) was permitted for both treatment arms in Study 1.

PATIENT INFORMATION

• Advise patients, their families, or caregivers that diarrhea is a common problem caused by antibacterial drugs. Sometimes, frequent watery or bloody diarrhea may occur and may be a sign of a more serious intestinal infection. If severe watery or bloody diarrhea develops, tell them to contact his or her healthcare provider [see警告ANDPRECAUTIONS].
• Patients should be counseled that antibacterial drugs including tigecycline should only be used to treat bacterial infections. They do not treat viral infections (e.g., thecommon cold). When tigecycline is prescribed to treat a bacterial infection, patients should be told that although it is common to feel better early in the course of therapy, the medication should be taken exactly as directed. Skipping doses or not completing the full course of therapy may (1) decrease the effectiveness of the immediate treatment and (2) increase the likelihood that bacteria will develop resistance and will not be treatable by tigecycline or other antibacterial drugs in the future.