Lotrel

DESCRIPTION

Lotrel is a combination of amlodipine besylate and benazepril hydrochloride.

Benazepril hydrochloride is a white to off-white crystalline powder, soluble (greater than 100 mg/mL) in water, ethanol, and methanol. Benazepril hydrochloride's chemical name is 3-[[1-(ethoxycarbonyl)-3-phenyl-(1S)- propyl]amino]-2,3,4,5-tetrahydro-2-oxo-1H-1-(3S)-benzazepine-1-acetic acid monohydrochloride; its structural formula is:

Its empirical formula is C₂₄H₂₈N₂O₅•HCl, and its molecular weight is 460.96.

Benazeprilat, the active metabolite of benazepril, is a nonsulfhydryl angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE) inhibitor. Benazepril is converted to benazeprilat by hepatic cleavage of the ester group.

Amlodipine besylate is a white to pale yellow crystalline powder, slightly soluble in water and sparingly soluble in ethanol. Its chemical name is (R,S)3-ethyl-5-methyl-2-(2-aminoethoxymethyl)-4-(2-chlorophenyl)-1,4-dihydro-6-methyl- 3,5-pyridinedicarboxylate benzenesulfonate; its structural formula is:

Its empirical formula is C₂₀H₂₅ClN₂O₅•C₆H₆O₃S, and its molecular weight is 567.1.

Amlodipine besylate is the besylate salt of amlodipine, a dihydropyridine calcium channel blocker.

Lotrel capsules are formulated in 6 different strengths for oral administration with a combination of amlodipine besylate equivalent to 2.5 mg, 5 mg, or 10 mg of amlodipine, with 10 mg, 20 mg, or 40 mg of benazepril hydrochloride providing for the following available combinations: 2.5/10 mg, 5/10 mg, 5/20 mg, 5/40 mg, 10/20 mg, and 10/40 mg.

The inactive ingredients of the capsules are calcium phosphate, cellulose compounds, colloidal silicon dioxide, crospovidone, gelatin, hydrogenated castor oil (not present in 5/40 mg or 10/40 mg strengths), iron oxides, lactose monohydrate, magnesium stearate, polysorbate 80, silicon dioxide, sodium lauryl sulfate, sodium starch (potato) glycolate, starch (corn), talc, and titanium dioxide.

INDICATIONS

Hypertension

Lotrel is indicated for the treatment of hypertension in patients not adequately controlled on monotherapy with either agent.

DOSAGE AND ADMINISTRATION

General Considerations

The recommended initial dose of Lotrel is 1 capsule of amlodipine 2.5 mg/benazepril 10 mg orally once-daily.

Begin therapy with Lotrel only after a patient has either (a) failed to achieve the desired antihypertensive effect with amlodipine or benazepril monotherapy, or (b) demonstrated inability to achieve adequate antihypertensive effect with amlodipine therapy without developing edema.

The antihypertensive effect of Lotrel is largely attained within 2 weeks. If blood pressure remains uncontrolled, the dose may be titrated up to amlodipine 10 mg/benazepril 40 mg once-daily. The dosing should be individualized and adjusted according to the patient’s clinical response.

In clinical trials of amlodipine/benazepril combination therapy using amlodipine doses of 2.5 to 10 mg and benazepril doses of 10 to 40 mg, the antihypertensive effects increased with increasing dose of amlodipine in all patient groups, and the effects increased with increasing dose of benazepril in nonblack groups.

Replacement Therapy

Lotrel may be substituted for the titrated components.

HOW SUPPLIED

Dosage Forms And Strengths

Lotrel (amlodipine/benazepril) capsules are available as follows: 2.5/10 mg, 5/10 mg, 5/20 mg, 5/40 mg, 10/20 mg, and 10/40 mg.

Storage And Handling

Lotrel可以包含amlodip胶囊ine besylate equivalent to 2.5 mg, 5 mg, or 10 mg of amlodipine, with 10 mg, 20 mg, or 40 mg of benazepril hydrochloride providing for the following available combinations: 2.5/10 mg, 5/10 mg, 5/20 mg, 5/40 mg, 10/20 mg, and 10/40 mg. All 6 strengths are packaged in bottles of 100 capsules.

Capsules are imprinted with “Lotrel” and appropriate code.

Dose	Capsule Color/Code	NDC Code
		Bottle of 100
2.5/10 mg	white with 2 gold bands/2255	NDC0078-0404-05
5/10 mg	light brown with 2 white bands/2260	NDC0078-0405-05
5/20 mg	pink with 2 white bands/2265	NDC0078-0406-05
5/40 mg	light blue with 2 white bands/0384	NDC0078-0384-05
10/20 mg	purple (amethyst) with 2 white bands/0364	NDC0078-0364-05
10/40 mg	dark blue with 2 white bands/0379	NDC0078-0379-05

Storage

Store at 25°C (77°F); excursions permitted to 15°C–30°C (59°F–86°F). [See USP controlled room temperature.] Protect from moisture. Dispense in tight container (USP).

Distributed by: Novartis Pharmaceuticals Corporation East Hanover, New Jersey 07936. Revised: Feb 2020

SIDE EFFECTS

Clinical Trials Experience

Because clinical trials are conducted under widely varying conditions, adverse reaction rates observed in the clinical trials of a drug cannot be directly compared to rates in the clinical trials of another drug and may not reflect the rates observed in practice. The adverse reaction information from clinical trials does, however, provide a basis for identifying the adverse events that appear to be related to drug use and for approximating rates.

Lotrel has been evaluated for safety in over 2,991 patients with hypertension; over 500 of these patients were treated for at least 6 months, and over 400 were treated for more than 1 year.

In a pooled analysis of 5 placebo-controlled trials involving Lotrel doses up to 5/20, the reported side effects were generally mild and transient, and there was no relationship between side effects and age, sex, race, or duration of therapy. Discontinuation of therapy due to side effects was required in approximately 4% of patients treated with Lotrel and in 3% of patients treated with placebo.

The most common reasons for discontinuation of therapy with Lotrel in these studies were cough and edema (including angioedema).

The peripheral edema associated with amlodipine use is dose-dependent. When benazepril is added to a regimen of amlodipine, the incidence of edema is substantially reduced.

The addition of benazepril to a regimen of amlodipine should not be expected to provide additional antihypertensive effect in African-Americans. However, all patient groups benefit from the reduction in amlodipine-induced edema.

副作用可能或probably related to study drug that occurred in these trials in more than 1% of patients treated with Lotrel are shown in the table below. Cough was the only adverse event with at least possible relationship to treatment that was more common on Lotrel (3.3%) than on placebo (0.2%).

Percent Incidence in U. S. Placebo-controlled Trials

	Benazepril/ Amlodipine	Benazepril	Amlodipine	Placebo
	N=760	N=554	N=475	N=408
Cough	3.3	1.8	0.4	0.2
Headache	2.2	3.8	2.9	5.6
Dizziness	1.3	1.6	2.3	1.5
Edema*	2.1	0.9	5.1	2.2
*Edema refers to all edema, such as dependent edema, angioedema, facial edema.

The incidence of edema was greater in patients treated with amlodipine monotherapy (5.1%) than in patients treated with Lotrel (2.1%) or placebo (2.2%). Other side effects considered possibly or probably related to study drug that occurred in U.S. placebo-controlled trials of patients treated with Lotrel or in postmarketing experience were the following:

Body as a Whole:Astheniaand fatigue.

CNS:Insomnia, nervousness, anxiety,tremor, and decreasedlibido.

Dermatologic:Flushing,hot flashes, rash, skinnodule, anddermatitis.

Digestive:Dry mouth, nausea, abdominal pain,dyspepsia, andesophagitis.

Hematologic:Neutropenia

Musculoskeletal:cramps, and muscle cramps.

Urogenital:Sexual problems such asimpotence, andpolyuria.

Monotherapies of benazepril and amlodipine have been evaluated for safety in clinical trials in over 6,000 and 11,000 patients, respectively. The observed adverse reactions to the monotherapies in these trials were similar to those seen in trials of Lotrel.

Postmarketing Experience

Because these reactions are reported voluntarily from a population of uncertain size, it is not always possible to reliably estimate their frequency or establish a causal relationship to drug exposure.

In postmarketing experience with benazepril, there have been rare reports ofStevens-Johnson syndrome,pancreatitis,hemolytic anemia, pemphigus,thrombocytopenia,paresthesia,dysgeusia, orthostatic symptoms andhypotension,angina pectorisandarrhythmia,pruritus,photosensitivityreaction,arthralgia,arthritis,myalgia,blood urea nitrogen(BUN) increase, serum creatinine increase, renal impairment, vision impairment,agranulocytosis, neutropenia.

Rare reports in association with use of amlodipine: gingivalhyperplasia,tachycardia,jaundice, and hepatic enzyme elevations (mostly consistent withcholestasis严重到需要住院治疗),leukocytopenia, allergic reaction,hyperglycemia, dysgeusia, hypoesthesia, paresthesia,syncope,peripheral neuropathy,hypertonia, visual impairment,diplopia, hypotension,vasculitis,rhinitis,gastritis,hyperhidrosis, pruritus, skin discoloration,urticaria,erythemamultiform, muscle spasms, arthralgia,micturitiondisorder,nocturia,erectile dysfunction,malaise, weight decrease or gain.

Other potentially important adverse experiences attributed to otherACE inhibitorsand calcium channel blockers include: eosinophilic pneumonitis (ACE inhibitors) andgynecomastia(CCBs).

DRUG INTERACTIONS

Drug/Drug Interactions

Amlodipine

Simvastatin

Coadministration of simvastatin with amlodipine increases the systemic exposure of simvastatin. Limit the dose of simvastatin in patients on amlodipine to 20 mg daily.

CYP3A4 Inhibitors

Coadministration with CYP3A inhibitors (moderate and strong) results in increased systemic exposure to amlodipine and may require dose reduction. Monitor for symptoms of hypotension and edema when amlodipine is coadministered with CYP3A4 inhibitors to determine the need for dose adjustment.

CYP3A4 Inducers

No information is available on the quantitative effects of CYP3A4 inducers on amlodipine. Blood pressure should be monitored when amlodipine is coadministered with CYP3A4 inducers (e.g. rifampicin, St. John’s Wort).

Benazepril

Potassium Supplements and Potassium-Sparing Diuretics

Benazepril can attenuatepotassiumloss caused by thiazide diuretics. Potassium-sparing diuretics (spironolactone, amiloride, triamterene, and others) or potassium supplements can increase the risk ofhyperkalemia. If concomitant use of such agents is indicated, the patient’s serum potassium should be monitored frequently.

Lithium

Increased serumlithiumlevels and symptoms of lithium toxicity have been reported in patients receiving ACE inhibitors during therapy with lithium. When coadministering Lotrel and lithium, frequent monitoring of serum lithium levels is recommended.

Gold

Nitritoid reactions (symptoms include facial flushing, nausea, vomiting and hypotension) have been reported rarely in patients on therapy with injectable gold (sodium aurothiomalate) and concomitant ACE inhibitor therapy.

Nonsteroidal Anti-Inflammatory Drugs (NSAIDs) including Selective Cyclooxygenase-2 Inhibitors (COX-2 Inhibitors)

In patients who are elderly, volume-depleted (including those ondiuretictherapy), or with compromised renal function, coadministration of NSAIDs, including selectiveCOX-2inhibitors, with ACE inhibitors, including benazepril, may result in deterioration of renal function, including possibleacute renal failure. These effects are usually reversible. Monitor renal function periodically in patients receiving benazepril andNSAIDtherapy.

Theantihypertensiveeffect of ACE inhibitors, including benazepril, may beattenuatedby NSAIDs.

Antidiabetic Agents

In rare cases, diabetic patients receiving an ACE inhibitor (including benazepril) concomitantly withinsulinor oral antidiabetics may develophypoglycemia. Such patients should therefore be advised about the possibility ofhypoglycemicreactions and should be monitored accordingly.

Mammalian Target of Rapamycin (mTOR) Inhibitors

The risk ofangioedemamay be increased in patients receiving coadministration of ACE inhibitors and mTOR inhibitors (e.g., temsirolimus, sirolimus, everolimus).

Dual Blockade of the Renin-Angiotensin System (RAS)

Dual blockade of the RAS withangiotensinreceptor blockers, ACE inhibitors, or aliskiren is associated with increased risks of hypotension, hyperkalemia, and changes in renal function (including acute renal failure) compared to monotherapy. Most patients receiving the combination of two RAS inhibitors do not obtain any additional benefit compared to monotherapy. In general, avoid combined use of RAS inhibitors. Closely monitor blood pressure, renal function and electrolytes in patients on Lotrel and other agents that block the RAS.

Do not coadminister aliskiren with Lotrel in patients withdiabetes. Avoid use of aliskiren with Lotrel in patients with renal impairment [glomerular filtration rate (GFR) < 60 mL/min].

Neprilysin Inhibitor

Patients taking concomitant neprilysin inhibitors may be at increased risk for angioedema [see警告AND PRECAUTIONS].

警告

Included as part of the"PRECAUTIONS"Section

PRECAUTIONS

Fetal Toxicity

Lotrel can cause fetal harm when administered to a pregnant woman. Use of drugs that act on the renin-angiotensin system during the second and third trimesters of pregnancy reduces fetal renal function and increases fetal andneonatalmorbidity and death. Resultingoligohydramnioscan be associated with fetal lunghypoplasiaand skeletal deformations. Potential neonatal adverse effects include skull hypoplasia, anuria, hypotension, renal failure, and death. When pregnancy is detected, discontinue Lotrel as soon as possible [seeUse In Specific Populations].

Angioedema And Anaphylactoid Reactions

Head And Neck Angioedema

Angioedema of the face, extremities, lips, tongue, glottis, andlarynxhas been reported in patients treated with benazepril. This may occur at any time during treatment. Angioedema associated with edema of the larynx, tongue, or glottis can compromise the airway and be fatal. Iflaryngealstridor or angioedema of the face, tongue, or glottis occurs, discontinue treatment with Lotrel and treat immediately. When involvement of the tongue, glottis, or larynx appears likely to cause airway obstruction, appropriate therapy, e.g., administer subcutaneousepinephrineinjection 1:1000 (0.3 to 0.5 mL), promptly [seeADVERSE REACTIONS].

Patients with a history of angioedema may be at increased risk for angioedema while receiving Lotrel. Black patients receiving ACE inhibitors have a higher incidence of angioedema compared to nonblacks.

Patients receiving coadministration of ACE inhibitor and mTOR (mammalian target of rapamycin) inhibitor (e.g., temsirolimus, sirolimus, everolimus) therapy or a neprilysin inhibitor may be at increased risk for angioedema [seeDRUG INTERACTIONS].

Intestinal Angioedema

Intestinal angioedema has been reported in patients treated with ACE inhibitors. These patients presented with abdominal pain (with or without nausea or vomiting); in some cases there was no prior history of facial angioedema and C-1 esterase levels were normal. The angioedema was diagnosed by procedures including abdominalCT scanor ultrasound, or at surgery, and symptoms resolved after stopping the ACE inhibitor. Intestinal angioedema should be included in thedifferential diagnosisof patients on ACE inhibitors presenting with abdominal pain.

请举几个类过敏反应在Desensitization

Two patients undergoing desensitizing treatment with hymenoptera (wasp sting)venom而接受持续life-thre ACE抑制剂atening anaphylactoid reactions.

Anaphylactoid Reactions During Membrane Exposure

Anaphylactoid reactions have been reported in patients dialyzed with high-flux membranes and treated concomitantly with an ACE inhibitor. Anaphylactoid reactions have also been reported in patients undergoing low-densitylipoproteinapheresiswith dextran sulfate absorption.

Increased Angina And/Or Myocardial Infarction

Worseninganginaandacute myocardial infarctioncan develop after starting or increasing the dose of amlodipine, particularly in patients with severe obstructivecoronary artery disease.

Hypotension

Lotrel can cause symptomatic hypotension, sometimes complicated byoliguria, progressiveazotemia, acute renal failure, or death. Symptomatic hypotension is most likely to occur in patients who haveheart failure, severeaorticor mitralstenosis, obstructivehypertrophic cardiomyopathyor have been volume or salt depleted as a result of diuretic therapy, dietary salt restriction,dialysis, diarrhea, or vomiting. Correct volume and salt depletion before starting therapy with benazepril. If hypotension occurs, place the patient in thesupineposition and give physiologicalsalineintravenously if needed. Continue treatment with benazepril once blood pressure and volume have returned to normal.

In patients withcongestive heart failure, start Lotrel therapy under close medical supervision; follow closely for the first 2 weeks of treatment and whenever the dose of the benazepril component is increased or a diuretic is added or its dose increased.

In patients undergoing surgery or duringanesthesiawith agents that produce hypotension, benazepril will block the angiotensin II formation that could otherwise occur secondary to compensatory renin release. Hypotension that occurs as a result of this mechanism can be corrected by volume expansion.

Impaired Renal Function

Monitor renal function periodically in patients treated with Lotrel. Changes in renal function, including acute renal failure, can be caused by drugs that affect the RAS. Patients whose renal function may depend in part on the activity of the RAS (e.g., patients with renal artery stenosis, severe heart failure, post-myocardial infarctionor volume depletion) or who are on NSAIDS or ARBs may be at particular risk of developing acute renal failure on Lotrel. Consider withholding or discontinuing therapy in patients who develop a clinically significant decrease in renal function on Lotrel.

Hyperkalemia

Monitor serum potassium periodically in patients receiving Lotrel. Drugs that affect the RAS can cause hyperkalemia. Risk factors for the development of hyperkalemia include renal insufficiency,diabetes mellitus, and the concomitant use of potassium-sparing diuretics, potassium supplements, and/or potassium-containing salt substitutes. In U.S. placebo-controlled trials of Lotrel, hyperkalemia [serum potassium at least 0.5 mEq/L greater than the upper limit of normal (ULN)] not present at baseline occurred in approximately 1.5% ofhypertensivepatients receiving Lotrel. Increases in serum potassium were generally reversible.

Hepatitis And Hepatic Failure

There have been rare reports of predominantly cholestatichepatitisand isolated cases of acuteliver failure, some of them fatal, in patients on ACE inhibitors. The mechanism is not understood. Patients receiving ACE inhibitors who develop jaundice or marked elevation of hepatic enzymes should discontinue the ACE inhibitor and be kept under medical surveillance.

Patient Counseling Information

Advise the patient to read the FDA-approved patient labeling (PATIENT INFORMATION).

Pregnancy

Advise female patients of childbearing age about the consequences of exposure to Lotrel during pregnancy. Discuss treatment options with women planning to become pregnant. Ask patients to report pregnancies to their physicians as soon as possible [see警告AND PRECAUTIONSandUse In Specific Populations].

Symptomatic Hypotension

Advise patients thatlightheadednesscan occur, especially during the first days of therapy, and that it should be reported to their healthcare provider. Tell patients that if syncope occurs to discontinue Lotrel until the physician has been consulted. Caution all patients that inadequate fluid intake, excessive perspiration, diarrhea, or vomiting can lead to an excessive fall in blood pressure, with the same consequences of lightheadedness and possible syncope [see警告AND PRECAUTIONS].

Hyperkalemia

Advise patients not to use salt substitutes without consulting their healthcare provider [seeDRUG INTERACTIONS].

Nonclinical Toxicology

Carcinogenesis, Mutagenesis, Impairment Of Fertility

Carcinogenicity and mutagenicity studies have not been conducted with this combination. However, these studies have been conducted with amlodipine and benazepril alone (see below). No adverse effects on fertility occurred when the benazepril:amlodipine combination was given orally to rats of either sex at doses up to 15:7.5 mg (benazepril:amlodipine)/kg/day, prior to mating and throughout gestation.

Benazepril

希伯来文名字时没有致癌性的证据被发现zepril was administered to rats and mice for up to 2 years at doses of up to 150 mg/kg/day. When compared on the basis of body surface area, this dose is 18 and 9 times (rats and mice, respectively) the maximum recommended human dose (MRHD) (calculations assume a patient weight of 60 kg). No mutagenic activity was detected in the Ames test in bacteria, in anin vitrotest for forward mutations in cultured mammalian cells, or in anucleusanomalytest. At doses of 50 to 500 mg/kg/day (6 to 60 times the MRHD on a body surface area basis), benazepril had noadverse effecton the reproductive performance of male and female rats.

Amlodipine

Rats and mice treated with amlodipine maleate in the diet for up to 2 years, at concentrations calculated to provide daily dosage levels of 0.5, 1.25, and 2.5 mg amlodipine/kg/day, showed no evidence of acarcinogeniceffect of the drug. For the mouse, the highest dose was, on a body surface area basis, similar to the MRHD of 10 mg amlodipine/day. For the rat, the highest dose was, on a body surface area basis, about two and a half times the MRHD. (Calculations based on a 60 kg patient.) Mutagenicity studies conducted with amlodipine maleate revealed no drug-related effects at either the gene or chromosome level. There was no effect on the fertility of rats treated orally with amlodipine maleate (males for 64 days and females for 14 days prior to mating) at doses of up to 10 mg amlodipine/kg/day (about 10 times the MRHD of 10 mg/day on a body surface area basis).

Use In Specific Populations

Pregnancy

Risk Summary

Lotrel can cause fetal harm when administered to a pregnant woman. Use of drugs that act on the RAS during the second and third trimesters of pregnancy reduces fetal renal function and increases fetal and neonatal morbidity and death. Most epidemiologic studies examining fetal abnormalities after exposure to antihypertensive use in the first trimester have not distinguished drugs affecting the RAS from other antihypertensive agents.

When pregnancy is detected, discontinue Lotrel as soon as possible.

估计背景的风险主要defec诞生ts and miscarriage for the indicated population is unknown. All pregnancies have a background risk ofbirth defect, loss, or other adverse outcomes. In the U.S. general population, the estimated background risk of major birth defects and miscarriage in clinically recognized pregnancies is 2-4% and 1520%, respectively.

Clinical Considerations

Disease-associated maternal and/or embryo/fetal risk

Hypertensionin pregnancy increases the maternal risk forpre-eclampsia, gestational diabetes, premature delivery, and delivery complications (e.g., need for cesarean section, and post-partumhemorrhage). Hypertension increases the fetal risk forintrauterinegrowth restriction and intrauterine death. Pregnant women with hypertension should be carefully monitored and managed accordingly.

Fetal/Neonatal Adverse Reactions

Oligohydramnios in pregnant women who use drugs affecting the renin-angiotensin system in the second and third trimesters of pregnancy can result in the following: reduced fetal renal function leading to anuria and renal failure, fetal lung hypoplasia, skeletal deformations, including skull hypoplasia, hypotension and death.

Perform serial ultrasound examinations to assess the intra-amnioticenvironment. Fetal testing may be appropriate, based on the week of gestation. Patients and physicians should be aware, however, that oligohydramnios may not appear until after the fetus has sustained irreversible injury. If oligohydramnios is observed, consider alternative drug treatment. Closely observe neonates with histories ofin uteroexposure to Lotrel for hypotension, oliguria, and hyperkalemia. In neonates with a history ofin uteroexposure to Lotrel, if oliguria or hypotension occurs, support blood pressure and renalperfusion. Exchange transfusions or dialysis may be required as a means of reversing hypotension and replacing renal function.

Data

Animal Data

Benazepril and Amlodipine

When rats received benazepril:amlodipine at doses ranging from 5:2.5 to 50:25 mg/kg/day, dystocia was observed at an increasing dose-related incidence at all doses tested. On a body surface area basis, the 2.5 mg/kg/day dose of amlodipine is twice the amlodipine dose delivered when the maximum recommended dose of Lotrel is given to a 60 kg patient. Similarly, the 5 mg/kg/day dose of benazepril is approximately equivalent with the benazepril dose delivered when the maximum recommended dose of Lotrel is given to a 60 kg patient. Noteratogeniceffects were seen when benazepril and amlodipine were administered in combination to pregnant rats or rabbits. Rats received doses of up to 50:25 mg (benazepril:amlodipine)/kg/day (12 times the MRHD on a body surface area basis, assuming a 60 kg patient). Rabbits received doses of up to 1.5:0.75 mg/kg/day (equivalent to the maximum recommended dose of Lotrel given to a 60 kg patient).

Lactation

Risk Summary

Minimal amounts of unchanged benazepril and of benazeprilat are excreted into the breast milk of lactating women treated with benazepril, so that a newborn child ingesting nothing but breast milk would receive less than 0.1% of the maternal doses of benazepril and benazeprilat. Limited available data from a published clinical lactation study reports that amlodipine is present in human milk at an estimated median relative infant dose of 4.2%. No adverse effects of amlodipine on the breastfed infant have been observed. There is no available information on the effects of amlodipine or benazepril on milk production.

Pediatric Use

Safety and effectiveness in pediatric patients have not been established.

Geriatric Use

In geriatric patients, exposure to amlodipine is increased, thus consider lower initial doses of Lotrel [seeCLINICAL PHARMACOLOGY].

Of the total number of patients who received Lotrel in U.S. clinical studies of Lotrel, over 19% were 65 years or older while about 2% were 75 years or older. Overall differences in effectiveness or safety were not observed between these patients and younger patients. Clinical experience has not identified differences in responses between the elderly and younger patients, but greater sensitivity of some older individuals cannot be ruled out.

Hepatic Impairment

Exposure to amlodipine is increased in patients with hepatic insufficiency, thus consider using lower doses of Lotrel [seeCLINICAL PHARMACOLOGY].

Renal Impairment

In patients with severe renal impairment systemic exposure to benazepril is increased. The recommended dose of benazepril in this subgroup is 5 mg which is not an available strength with Lotrel. Lotrel is not recommended in patients with severe renal impairment. No dose adjustment of Lotrel is needed in patients with mild or moderate impairment of renal function [seeDOSING AND ADMINISTRATION,警告AND PRECAUTIONSandCLINICAL PHARMACOLOGY].

OVERDOSE

Only a few cases of human overdose with amlodipine have been reported. One patient was asymptomatic after a 250 mg ingestion; another, who combined 70 mg of amlodipine with an unknown large quantity of a benzodiazepine, developedrefractoryshockand died.

Human overdoses with any combination of amlodipine and benazepril have not been reported. In scattered reports of human overdoses with benazepril and other ACE inhibitors, there are no reports of death.

Treatment

Patients should be admitted to hospital and, generally, should be managed in an intensive care setting, with continuous monitoring of cardiac function, blood gases, and bloodbiochemistry. Emergency supportive measures such as artificialventilationor cardiac pacing should be instituted if appropriate.

In the event of a potentially life-threatening oral overdose, use induction of vomiting orgastriclavage and/oractivated charcoalto remove the drug from thegastrointestinal tract(only if presented within 1 hour after ingestion of Lotrel).

Other clinical manifestations of overdose should be managed symptomatically based on modern methods of intensive care.

To obtain up-to-date information about the treatment of overdose, a good resource is your certified Regional Poison-Control Center. Telephone numbers of certified poison-control centers are listed in the Physicians’ Desk Reference (PDR). In managing overdose, consider the possibilities of multiple-drug overdoses, drug-drug interactions, and unusual drugkineticsin your patient.

The most likely effect of overdose with Lotrel isvasodilation, with consequent hypotension and tachycardia. Simple repletion of central fluid volume (Trendelenburg positioning, infusion of crystalloids) may be sufficient therapy, butpressoragents (norepinephrine or high-dosedopamine) may be required. With abrupt return of peripheralvasculartone, overdoses of other dihydropyridine calcium channel blockers have sometimes progressed topulmonary edema, and patients must be monitored for thiscomplication.

Analyses of bodily fluids for concentrations of amlodipine, benazepril, or their metabolites are not widely available. Such analyses are, in any event, not known to be of value in therapy orprognosis.

No data are available to suggestphysiologicmaneuvers (e.g., maneuvers to change the pH of the urine) that might accelerate elimination of amlodipine, benazepril, or their metabolites. Benazeprilat is only slightly dialyzable; attempted clearance of amlodipine byhemodialysisor hemo-perfusion has not been reported, but amlodipine’s high protein binding makes it unlikely that these interventions will be of value.

Angiotensin II could presumably serve as a specificantagonist-antidoteto benazepril, but angiotensin II is essentially unavailable outside of scattered research laboratories.

CONTRAINDICATIONS

• Do not coadminister aliskiren with angiotensin receptor blockers (ARBs), ACE inhibitors, including Lotrel in patients with diabetes.
• Lotrel is contraindicated in patients with a history of angioedema, with or without previous ACE inhibitor treatment, or patients who are hypersensitive to benazepril, to any other ACE inhibitor, to amlodipine, or to any of the excipients of Lotrel.
• Lotrel is contraindicated in combination with a neprilysin inhibitor (e.g., sacubitril). Do not administer Lotrel within 36 hours of switching to or from a neprilysin inhibitor, e.g., sacubitril/valsartan [see警告AND PRECAUTIONS].

CLINICAL PHARMACOLOGY

Mechanism Of Action

Benazepril

Benazepril and benazeprilat inhibit angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE) in human subjects and in animals. ACE is a peptidyl dipeptidase that catalyzes the conversion of angiotensin I to the vasoconstrictor substance angiotensin II. Angiotensin II also stimulatesaldosteronesecretion by theadrenal cortex.

Inhibition of ACE results in decreased plasma angiotensin II, which leads to decreased vasopressor activity and to decreased aldosterone secretion. The latter decrease may result in a small increase of serum potassium. Hypertensive patients treated with benazepril and amlodipine for up to 56 weeks had elevations of serum potassium up to 0.2 mEq/L [see警告AND PRECAUTIONS].

Removal of angiotensin II negative feedback on renin secretion leads to increased plasma renin activity. In animal studies, benazepril had no inhibitory effect on the vasopressor response to angiotensin II and did not interfere with the hemodynamic effects of the autonomic neurotransmittersacetylcholine, epinephrine, and norepinephrine.

ACE is identical to kininase, an enzyme that degrades bradykinin. Whether increased levels of bradykinin, a potent vasodepressorpeptide, play a role in the therapeutic effects of Lotrel remains to be elucidated.

虽然the mechanism through which benazepril lowers blood pressure is believed to be primarily suppression of the renin-angiotensin aldosterone system, benazepril has an antihypertensive effect even in patients with low-renin hypertension.

Amlodipine

Amlodipine is a dihydropyridine calcium antagonist (calcium ion antagonist or slow channel blocker) that inhibits the transmembrane influx of calcium ions into vascularsmooth muscleand cardiac muscle. Experimental data suggest that amlodipine binds to both dihydropyridine and nondihydropyridine binding sites. The contractile processes of cardiac muscle and vascular smooth muscle are dependent upon the movement of extracellular calcium ions into these cells through specific ion channels. Amlodipine inhibits calcium ion influx across cell membranes selectively, with a greater effect on vascular smooth muscle cells than on cardiac muscle cells. Negativeinotropiceffects can be detectedin vitrobut such effects have not been seen in intact animals at therapeutic doses. Serum calcium concentration is not affected by amlodipine. Within the physiologic pH range, amlodipine is an ionized compound (pKa=8.6), and its kinetic interaction with the calcium channel receptor is characterized by a gradual rate of association and dissociation with the receptor binding site, resulting in a gradual onset of effect.

Amlodipine is a peripheral arterial vasodilator that acts directly on vascular smooth muscle to cause a reduction in peripheral vascular resistance and reduction in blood pressure.

Pharmacodynamics

Benazepril

Single and multiple doses of 10 mg or more of benazepril cause inhibition of plasma ACE activity by at least 80% to 90% for at least 24 hours after dosing. For up to 4 hours after a 10 mg dose, pressor responses to外生angiotensin I were inhibited by 60% to 90%.

贝那普利患者轻微-to-moderate hypertension results in a reduction of both supine and standing blood pressure to about the same extent, with no compensatory tachycardia. Symptomaticpostural hypotensionis infrequent, although it can occur in patients who are salt and/or volume depleted [see警告AND PRECAUTIONS].

The antihypertensive effects of benazepril were not appreciably different in patients receiving high-or low-sodium diets.

In normal human volunteers, single doses of benazepril caused an increase in renal blood flow but had no effect on glomerular filtration rate.

Amlodipine

Following administration of therapeutic doses to patients with hypertension, amlodipine produces vasodilation resulting in a reduction of supine and standing blood pressures. These decreases in blood pressure are not accompanied by a significant change in heart rate or plasmacatecholaminelevels with chronic dosing.

With chronic once-daily administration, antihypertensive effectiveness is maintained for at least 24 hours. Plasma concentrations correlate with effect in both young and elderly patients. The magnitude of reduction in blood pressure with amlodipine is also correlated with the height of pretreatment elevation; thus, individuals with moderate hypertension (diastolicpressure 105–114 mmHg) had about 50% greater response than patients with mild hypertension (diastolic pressure 90–104 mmHg).Normotensivesubjects experienced no clinically significant change in blood pressure (+1/-2 mmHg).

In hypertensive patients with normal renal function, therapeutic doses of amlodipine resulted in a decrease in renal vascular resistance and an increase in glomerular filtration rate and effective renal plasma flow without change in filtration fraction or proteinuria.

As with other calcium channel blockers, hemodynamic measurements of cardiac function at rest and during exercise (or pacing) in patients with normalventricularfunction treated with amlodipine have generally demonstrated a small increase incardiac indexwithout significant influence on dP/dt or on left ventricular end diastolic pressure or volume. In hemodynamic studies, amlodipine has not been associated with a negative inotropic effect when administered in the therapeutic dose range to intact animals and humans, even when coadministered with beta blockers to humans.

Amlodipine does not change sinoatrial (SA) nodal function oratrioventricular(AV) conduction in intact animals or humans. In clinical studies in which amlodipine was administered in combination with beta blockers to patients with either hypertension or angina, no adverse effects on electrocardiographic parameters were observed.

Amlodipine has demonstrated beneficial clinical effects in patients with chronic stable angina, vasospastic angina and angiographically documented coronary artery disease.

Pharmacokinetics

贝那普利的吸收的速度和程度d amlodipine from Lotrel are the same as when administered as individual tablets. Absorption from the individual tablets is not influenced by the presence of food in thegastrointestinaltract; food effects on absorption from Lotrel have not been studied.

Absorption

Following oral administration of Lotrel, peak plasma concentrations of amlodipine are reached in 6 to 12 hours. Absolute bioavailability has been calculated as between 64% and 90%. Following oral administration of Lotrel, the peak plasma concentrations of benazepril are reached in 0.5 to 2 hours. The cleavage of the ester group (primarily in the liver) converts benazepril to its active metabolite, benazeprilat, which reaches peak plasma concentrations in 1.5 to 4 hours. The extent of absorption of benazepril is at least 37%. Amlodipine and benazepril exhibit dose proportional pharmacokinetics between the therapeutic dose range of 2.5 and 10 mg and 10 and 20 mg, respectively.

Distribution

The apparent volume of distribution of amlodipine is about 21 L/kg.In vitrostudies indicate that approximately 93% of circulating amlodipine is bound to plasma proteins in hypertensive patients. The apparent volume of distribution of benazeprilat is about 0.7 L/kg. Approximately 93% of circulating amlodipine is bound to plasma proteins, and the bound fraction of benazeprilat is slightly higher. On the basis ofin vitrostudies, benazeprilat’s degree of protein binding should be unaffected by age, by hepatic dysfunction, or—over the therapeutic concentration range—by concentration.

Metabolism

Amlodipine is extensively (approximately 90%) metabolized in the liver to inactive metabolites. Benazepril is extensively metabolized to form benazeprilat as the main metabolite, which occurs by enzymatic hydrolysis, mainly in the liver. Two minor metabolites are the acyl glucuronide conjugates of benazepril and benazeprilat.

Elimination

Amlodipine elimination from plasma is biphasic with a terminal elimination half-life of approximately 30 to 50 hours. Steady-state plasma levels are reached after once-daily dosing for 7 to 8 days. Ten percent of unchanged drug and 60% of amlodipine metabolites are excreted in urine. Effective elimination half-life of amlodipine is 2 days. Benazepril is eliminated mainly by metabolic clearance. Benazeprilat is eliminated via the kidneys and thebile; renal excretion is the main route in patients with normal renal function. In the urine, benazepril accounts for less than 1 % and benazeprilat for about 20% of an oral dose. Elimination of benazeprilat is biphasic with an initial half-life of about 3 hours and a terminal half-life of about 22 hours. Benazeprilat’s effective elimination half-life is 10 to 11 hours, while that of amlodipine is about 2 days, so steady-state levels of the 2 components are achieved after about a week of once-daily dosing.

Specific Populations

Geriatric Patients

No specific clinical studies were performed to understand the impact of age on the pharmacokinetics of amlodipine and benazepril as fixed dose combination. As individual component amlodipine is extensively metabolized in the liver. In the elderly, clearance of amlodipine is decreased with resulting increases in peak plasma levels, elimination half-life and area-under-the-plasma-concentration curve [seeUse In Specific Populations].

Hepatic Impairment

Patients with hepatic insufficiency have decreased clearance of amlodipine with a resulting increase in AUC of approximately 40 to 60%. Pharmacokinetics of benazepril is not significantly influenced by hepatic impairment [seeUse In Specific Populations].

Renal Impairment

The disposition of benazepril and benazeprilat in patients with mild-to-moderate renal insufficiency (CrCl greater than 30 mL/min) is similar to that in patients with normal renal function. In patients with CrCl less than or equal to 30 mL/min, peak benazeprilat levels and the effective half-life increase, resulting in higher systemic exposures. Pharmacokinetics of amlodipine is not significantly influenced by renal impairment [seeDOSAGE AND ADMINISTRATION,Use In Specific Populationsand警告AND PRECAUTIONS].

Drug Interactions

Amlodipine

In vitrodata in human plasma indicate that amlodipine has no effect on the protein binding of digoxin, phenytoin, warfarin, and indomethacin.

Cimetidine

Coadministration of amlodipine with cimetidine did not alter the pharmacokinetics of amlodipine.

Grapefruit juice

Coadministration of 240 mL ofgrapefruitjuice with a single oral dose of amlodipine 10 mg in 20 healthy volunteers had no significant effect on the pharmacokinetics of amlodipine.

Maalox^®(antacid)

Coadministration of the antacid Maalox with a single dose of amlodipine had no significant effect on the pharmacokinetics of amlodipine.

Sildenafil

A single 100 mg dose of sildenafil in subjects withessentialhypertension had no effect on the pharmacokinetic parameters of amlodipine. When amlodipine and sildenafil were used in combination, each agent independently exerted its own blood pressure lowering effect.

Atorvastatin

Coadministration of multiple 10 mg doses of amlodipine with 80 mg of atorvastatin resulted in no significant change in the steady-state pharmacokinetic parameters of atorvastatin.

Digoxin

Coadministration of amlodipine with digoxin did not change serum digoxin levels or digoxin renal clearance in normal volunteers.

Ethanol (alcohol)

Single and multiple 10 mg doses of amlodipine had no significant effect on the pharmacokinetics of ethanol.

Warfarin

Coadministration of amlodipine with warfarin did not change the warfarinprothrombinresponse time.

Simvastatin

Coadministration of multiple doses of 10 mg of amlodipine with 80 mg simvastatin resulted in a 77% increase in exposure to simvastatin compared to simvastatin alone.

CYP3A Inhibitors

diltiaz共同服用180毫克的剂量em with 5 mg amlodipine in elderly hypertensive patients resulted in a 60% increase in amlodipine systemic exposure.Erythromycincoadministration in healthy volunteers did not significantly change amlodipine systemic exposure. However, strong inhibitors of CYP3A4 (e.g., ketoconazole, itraconazole, ritonavir) may increase the plasma concentrations of amlodipine to a greater extent.

Benazepril

The pharmacokinetic properties of benazepril are not affected by hydrochlorothiazide, furosemide, chlorthalidone, digoxin, propranolol, atenolol, nifedipine, amlodipine, naproxen, acetylsalicylic acid, or cimetidine. Likewise the administration of benazepril does not substantially affect the pharmacokinetics of these medications.

Clinical Studies

Over 950 patients received Lotrel once-daily in 6 double-blind, placebo-controlled studies. The antihypertensive effect of a single dose persisted for 24 hours, with peak reductions achieved 2 to 8 hours after dosing.

Once-daily doses of benazepril/amlodipine using benazepril doses of 10 to 20 mg and amlodipine doses of 2.5 to 10 mg decreased seated pressure (systolic/diastolic) 24 hours after dosing by about 10–25/6–13 mmHg.

In 2 studies in patients not adequately controlled on either benazepril 40 mg alone (n=329) or amlodipine 10 mg alone (n=812) once-daily doses of Lotrel 10/40 mg further decreased seated blood pressure compared to the respective monotherapy alone.

Combination therapy was effective in blacks and nonblacks. Both components contributed to the antihypertensive efficacy in nonblacks, but virtually all of the antihypertensive effect in blacks could be attributed to the amlodipine component. Among nonblack patients in placebo-controlled trials comparing Lotrel to the individual components, the blood pressure lowering effects of the combination were shown to be additive and in some cases synergistic.

During chronic therapy with Lotrel, the maximum reduction in blood pressure with any given dose is generally achieved after 1 to 2 weeks. The antihypertensive effects of Lotrel have continued during therapy for at least 1 year. Abrupt withdrawal of Lotrel has not been associated with a rapid increase in blood pressure.

PATIENT INFORMATION

LOTREL^®
(low-TREL)
(amlodipine besylate/benazepril hydrochloride) capsules

Read this Patient Information leaflet before you start taking LOTREL and each time you get a refill. There may be new information. This leaflet does not replace talking with your doctor. If you have any questions, ask your doctor or pharmacist.

What is LOTREL?

LOTREL contains 2 prescription medicines that work together to lower blood pressure: amlodipine besylate, acalcium channel blocker, and benazepril hydrochloride, an ACE inhibitor. Your doctor will prescribe LOTREL only after other medicines haven’t worked.

High Blood Pressure (hypertension). Blood pressure is the force of blood in your blood vessels. You havehigh blood pressurewhen the force is too much. LOTREL can help your blood vessels relax so your blood pressure is lower.

LOTREL has not been studied in children.

Who should not take LOTREL?

Don’t take LOTREL if you are allergic to any of the ingredients.There is a complete list at the end of this leaflet.

What should I tell my Doctor before taking LOTREL?

Tell your doctor about all your medical conditions, including if:

• you are pregnant or plan to become pregnant.See“What is the most important information I should know about LOTREL?”
• you are breastfeeding.LOTREL is present in human milk. It is not known whether LOTREL affects your breastfed baby or milk production.
• you have a heart condition
• you have liver problems
• you have kidney problems
• you are about to have anoperation(including dental surgery) or emergency treatment
• you are suffering from several episodes of vomiting or diarrhea
• you are treated for hyperkalemia (too much potassium in the blood)

Keep a list of your medicines with you, including vitamins and natural or herbal remedies, to show your doctor or pharmacist. Some of your other medicines and LOTREL could affect each other, causing serious side effects. Tell your doctor about all your medicines, especially:

• Simvastatin (a medicine used to control elevatedcholesterol)
• medicines for high blood pressure or heart failure
• water pills, extra potassium or a salt substitute
• Lithium
• potassium-containing medicines, potassium supplements or salt substitutes containing potassium
• cyclosporine, animmunosuppressantmedicine used in transplanted patients to reduce the risk of organ rejection
• indomethacin and other nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs), medicines used to relieve pain and inflammation
• insulin or oral antidiabetics, medicines that help a person with diabetes to control their level of glucose (sugar) in the blood
• gold for the treatment ofrheumatoid arthritis
• probenecid, a medicine used to treatgoutandhyperuricemia
• medicines used to prevent and treat fungal skin infections (e.g., ketoconazole, itraconazole)
• medicines used to treatAIDSorHIVinfections (e.g., ritonavir, indinavir)
• medicines used to treat bacterial infections (e.g., clarithromycin)
• medicines used in organ transplant recipients or for treating some cancers (e.g. temsirolimus, sirolimus, everolimus)

Avoid alcohol until you have discussed the matter with your doctor. Alcohol may make blood pressure fall more and/or increase the possibility of dizziness orfainting.

How do I take LOTREL?

• Take LOTREL exactly as your doctor tells you.
• Take LOTREL at the same time each day, with or without food.
• If you miss a dose, take it as soon as you remember. If it is more than 12 hours, just take your next dose at the regular time.
• Your doctor may test for kidney problems or check your blood potassium level.
• If you take too much LOTREL, call your doctor or Poison Control Center, or go to the emergency room.
• Tell all your doctors or dentist you are taking LOTREL if you:
  • are going to have surgery
  • are gettingallergyshots for bee stings
  • go for kidney dialysis

What are the possible side effects of LOTREL?

LOTREL can cause serious side effects including:

• serious allergic reactions that can be life threatening.

  Stop LOTREL and get emergency help right away if you get:

  • swelling of your face, eyelids, lips, tongue or throat
  • have trouble swallowing
  • asthma(wheezing) or other breathing problems

  These allergic reactions are rare but happen more times in people who are African-American.

• low blood pressure(hypotension).Low blood pressureis most likely to happen if you also take water pills, are on a low salt diet, get dialysis treatments, have heart problems or get sick with vomiting or diarrhea. Lie down if you feel faint or dizzy.
• liver problems.Call your doctor if:
  • you have nausea
  • you feel more tired or weaker than usual
  • you have itching
  • your skin or eyes look yellow
  • 你有你右上腹部疼痛
  • you have flu-like symptoms
• kidney problems.Some people will have changes on blood tests for kidney function and need a lower dose of LOTREL. Call your doctor if you get swelling in your feet, ankles, or hands or unexplained weight gain.
• more chest pain and heart attacksin people that already have severe heart problems. Get emergency help if you get worse chest pain or chest pain that does not go away.

The more common side effects of LOTREL are:

• dizziness, fainting on standing up
• 咳嗽(干燥、非生产性的,主要是在晚上,continuing)
• swelling of the feet, ankles, and hands

If any of these affects you severely, tell your doctor.

These are not all the side effects of LOTREL. For a complete list, ask your doctor or pharmacist.

How do I store LOTREL?

• Store LOTREL at room temperature 59°F–86°F (15°C–30°C).
• Keep LOTREL in a closed container in a dry place.
• Keep LOTREL and all medicines out of the reach of children.

General Information about LOTREL

Doctors can also use medicine for a condition that is not in the patient information leaflet. Take LOTREL the way your doctor tells you. Do not share it with other people. It may harm them.

For more information, ask your doctor or pharmacist, visitwww.LOTREL.comon the Internet, or call 1-888669-6682.

What are the ingredients in LOTREL?

Active ingredients: amlodipine besylate (the active ingredient found in Norvasc^®), benazepril hydrochloride (Lotensin^®)

Inactive ingredients: calcium phosphate, cellulose compounds, colloidalsilicondioxide, crospovidone,gelatin, hydrogenated castor oil (not present in 5/40 mg and 10/40 mg strengths), iron oxides, lactose monohydrate, magnesium stearate, polysorbate 80, silicon dioxide, sodium lauryl sulfate, sodium starch (potato) glycolate, starch (corn), talc, and titanium dioxide.