How Do Live Viral Vaccines Work?

Liveviralvaccinesare biological products that provideimmunityagainst certain viral infections. Live viral vaccines stimulate the body’simmune systemto produce antibodies against specific types ofvirusesand protect a person from diseases caused by these viruses.

Live viral vaccines are weakened (attenuated) forms ofdisease-causing viruses. Live viral vaccines produce a strong and often life-long immunity similar to thatacquiredfrom a naturalinfection, but without subjecting the person to the disease and its complications, because they only contain a small amount of the weakened viruses.

Live viral vaccines are derived by weakening the disease-causing virusesinlaboratories, usually with repeated culturing. Live viral vaccines must be stored and handled with care because they are fragile and can be damaged by heat and light.

Live viral vaccines may not be safe for individuals with compromised immunity. People with weakenedimmunesystems should consult with theirhealthcare providers before receiving live viral vaccines, because they may cause severe infections that their weakened immune systems may not be able tocontrol.

Live viral vaccines approved by theFDAprovide immunity against the following viral diseases:

• Febrileacute respiratory disease, caused byadenovirustype 4 and type 7
• Denguedisease, caused by denguevirusserotypes 1,2,3 and 4, spread by mosquitoes
• Zaire ebolavirus infection
• Influenza Aand B infection
• Measles,mumps, rubella viral infections
• Chickenpox, caused by thevaricella-zoster virus
• Gastroenteritiscaused by several strains ofrotavirus
• Smallpox, which has been eradicated worldwide
• Monkeypox, a disease caused by the monkeypox virus which is related to the smallpox virus
• Yellow fever, a disease spread by mosquitoes, affects theliver

Live viral vaccines are administered as single or a series of one-time doses, except in the case of the流感六世rus vaccinewhich is administered annually before thefluseason. Live viral vaccines may be administered through the following routes:

• Oraltablets, solutions, or suspensions
• Intranasal sprays
• Subcutaneous(SC) injections into thetissueunder theskin
• Percutaneousadministration into the skin
• Intramuscular(IM) injections into themuscle

Live viral vaccines approved by the FDA include:

• Adenovirus type 4 and type 7 vaccine for individuals of ages 17-50 years
• Dengue virus vaccine for children of ages 9-16 years withlaboratory-confirmed previous dengue infection and living inendemicareas
• Ebola Zaire vaccine for adults
• Influenzaintranasal vaccine for individuals of ages 2-49
• Measles, mumps, andrubella vaccinefor routineimmunizationin children and adults, and immunization forpregnantwomen without evidence of immunity, after termination or completion ofpregnancy
• Measles, mumps, rubella, and varicella vaccine for children of ages 12 months to 12 years
• Rotavirus oral vaccine forprophylaxisin infants of ages 6-32 weeks
• Smallpox vaccine, now no longer routinely administered since smallpox has been eradicated in the world
• Smallpox and monkeypox vaccine for adults who are at high risk for smallpox or monkeypox infection
• Varicella virus vaccine for individuals of age 12 months and older
• Yellow fever vaccinefor individuals 9 months and older who live in or travel to yellowfeverendemic areas, and laboratory personnel at risk for exposure

Side effects of live viral vaccines may include the following:

• Injection site reactions include:
  • Pain, burning, and stinging
  • Swelling
  • Rash
  • Vesicles(水泡)
  • Pruritus(itching)
  • Erythema(redness)
  • Induration(hardening of the tissue)
  • Hematoma
  • Discoloration
• Headache
• Pyrexia (fever)
• Runny nose
• Nasalcongestion
• Myalgia(muscle pain)
• Arthralgia(jointpain)
• Fatigue
• Malaise
• Asthenia(weakness)
• Decreased exercisetolerance
• Chills
• Fussiness and irritability
• Nausea
• Vomiting
• Diarrhea
• Gastritis
• Gastroenteritis
• Abdominal pain
• Flatulence
• Constipation
• Hematochezia(bloodinstool)
• Mouthulcer
• Sore throat
• Cough
• Sneezing
• Sinusitis(inflammationof the sinuses)
• Rhinitis(inflammation ofnasal passage)
• Nasopharyngitis (inflammation ofnoseandthroat)
• Pharyngitis(throat inflammation)
• Epistaxis(nasal bleeding)
• Pneumonia
• Pulmonarycongestion
• Wheezing
• Bronchospasm
• Dyspnea(shortness of breath)
• Bronchitis(inflammation of the bronchial passage)
• Pneumonitis (lung inflammation)
• Otitis media(middle earinfection/inflammation)
• Infections such as:
  • Atypicalmeasles/measles
  • Candidiasis
  • Herpes zosterinfection
  • Varicella infection
  • Influenza
  • Respiratoryinfection
  • Skin infections such ascellulitisandimpetigo
• Parotitis(inflammation of the parotid glands)
• Orchitis(testicle inflammation)
• Epididymitis(inflammation of the coiledtubein the testicle that carries thesperm)
• Ataxia(impaired coordination,balance, and speech)
• Paresthesia(abnormalskinsensation)
• Bell’spalsy(facial muscleweakness orparalysis)
• Dizziness
• Cerebrovascular accident
• Guillain-Barre syndrome(neurologicaldisorder)
• Syncope(fainting)
• Conjunctivitis(inflammation of theconjunctiva,membraneover the whites of theeyeand inner surface of eyelids)
• Eyelidedema
• Eye irritation
• Retinitis (inflammation of theretina)
• Necrotizing retinitis (retinitis withretinaltissuedeath), inimmunocompromisedindividuals
• Opticneuritis(optic nerveinflammation)
• Retrobulbar neuritis (a form of optic neuritis)
• Ocularpalsies (eye muscle weakness)
• Polyneuritis/polyneuropathy (simultaneous inflammation/damage to multiple nerves all over the body)
• Encephalitis(inflammation of thebrain)
• Encephalopathy(damage to the brain)
• Acutedisseminatedencephalomyelitis(ADEM), inflammation of the brain andspinal cord
• Measles inclusion body encephalitis (MIBE), a条件that may occur in immunocompromised persons
• Subacute sclerosing panencephalitis(aprogressivebrain disorder related to measles), rare
• Asepticmeningitis(inflammation of the membranes around the brain and spinalcord)
• Meningoencephalitis
• Transverse myelitis(inflammation of spinal cord)
• Tremor
• Seizures
• Febrile seizures (convulsions caused by fever)
• Nervedeafness
• Earpain
• Agitation
• Apathy
• Nervousness
• Dream abnormality
• Hypersomnia (excessive daytime sleepiness)
• Hypersensitive reactions such as:
  • Rash
  • Urticaria(hives)
  • Vesicularlesions (blisters)
  • Erythema multiforme(roundred lesions like a bullseye)
  • Angioedema(swelling in the tissue under the skin ormucousmembranes)
  • Facial edema
  • Peripheraledema
  • Anaphylaxis(severeallergic reaction)
  • Stevens-Johnson syndrome(a rare medical emergency with flu-like symptoms and a painful rash)
• Henoch-Schönleinpurpura(a condition that causes generalized bloodvesselinflammation)
• Lymphadenopathy(swelling oflymphnodes)
• Lymphadenitis (lymph nodeinflammation)
• Lymphnodepain
• Feeling hot
• Abnormalsweating
• Arthritis(joint inflammation)
• Arthropathy(joint redness/tenderness/warmth/swelling/stiffness)
• Musculoskeletal pain
• Hip,neck, orlegpain
• Thrombocytopenia(lowplatelet countin the blood)
• Leukocytosis(increase in white blood cells,leukocytes)
• Aplastic anemia(anemiadue to inadequatered blood cellproduction)
• Extravasation (leakage of fluid out of blood vessels)
• Hematuria(blood inurine)
• With rotavirusvaccination:
  • Gastroenteritis with vaccine viral shedding in infants withsevere combined immunodeficiency disease(SCID)
  • Intussusception, a condition in which a part of theintestineslides into theadjacentpart
  • Kawasaki disease, a condition that causes inflammation in the walls of blood vessels
• Severe dengue infection (with dengue vaccine)

Information contained herein is not intended to cover all possible side effects, precautions, warnings, drug interactions, allergic reactions, or adverse effects. Check with yourdoctoror药剂师to make sure these drugs do not cause any harm when you take them along with other medicines. Never stop taking yourmedicationand never change your dose or frequency without consulting your doctor.

Genericand brand names of live viral vaccines include:

• ACAM2000
• adenovirus types 4 and 7 live, oral
• dengue vaccine
• Dengvaxia
• Ebola Zaire vaccine
• Ervebo
• FluMistQuadrivalent
• 流感六世rus vaccine quadrivalent, intranasal
• Jynneos
• M-M-R-II
• measles mumps and rubella vaccine, live
• measles, mumps, rubella, and varicella vaccine, live
• MMRV
• ProQuad
• Rotarix
• RotaTeq
• rotavirus oral vaccine, live
• smallpox (vaccinia) and monkeypox vaccine, live, nonreplicating
• smallpox (vaccinia) vaccine, live
• varicella virus vaccine live
• Varivax
• yellow fever vaccine
• YF Vax
• Zostavax(DSC) - discontinued
• zoster vaccine live (discontinued)