Lamictal

DESCRIPTION

LAMICTAL (lamotrigine), an AED of the phenyltriazine class, is chemically unrelated to existing AEDs. Lamotrigine's chemical name is 3,5-diamino-6-(2,3-dichlorophenyl)-as-triazine, its molecular formula is C₉H₇N₅Cl₂, and its molecular weight is 256.09. Lamotrigine is a white to pale cream-colored powder and has a pKa of 5.7. Lamotrigine is very slightly soluble in water (0.17 mg/mL at 25°C) and slightly soluble in 0.1 M HCl (4.1 mg/mL at 25°C). The structural formula is:

LAMICTAL tablets are supplied for oral administration as 25-mg (white), 100-mg (peach), 150-mg (cream), and 200-mg (blue) tablets. Each tablet contains the labeled amount of lamotrigine and the following inactive ingredients: lactose; magnesium stearate; microcrystalline cellulose; povidone; sodium starch glycolate; FD&C Yellow No. 6 Lake (100-mg tablet only); ferric oxide, yellow (150-mg tablet only); and FD&C Blue No. 2 Lake (200-mg tablet only).

利必通分散片提供for oral administration. The tablets contain 2 mg (white), 5 mg (white), or 25 mg (white) of lamotrigine and the following inactive ingredients: blackcurrant flavor, calcium carbonate, low-substituted hydroxypropylcellulose, magnesium aluminum silicate, magnesium stearate, povidone, saccharin sodium, and sodium starch glycolate. The chewable dispersible tablets meet Organic Impurities Procedure 2 as published in the current USP monograph for Lamotrigine Tablets for Oral Suspension.

LAMICTAL ODT orally disintegrating tablets are supplied for oral administration. The tablets contain 25 mg (white to off-white), 50 mg (white to off-white), 100 mg (white to off-white), or 200 mg (white to off-white) of lamotrigine and the following inactive ingredients: artificial cherry flavor, crospovidone, ethylcellulose, magnesium stearate, mannitol, polyethylene, and sucralose.

LAMICTAL ODT orally disintegrating tablets are formulated using technologies (Microcaps® and AdvaTab®) designed to mask the bitter taste of lamotrigine and achieve a rapid dissolution profile. Tablet characteristics including flavor, mouth-feel, after-taste, and ease of use were rated as favorable in a study in 108 healthy volunteers.

INDICATIONS

Epilepsy

Adjunctive Therapy

LAMICTAL is indicated as adjunctive therapy for the following seizure types in patients aged 2 years and older:

• partial-onset seizures.
• primary generalized tonic-clonic (PGTC) seizures.
• generalized seizures of Lennox-Gastaut syndrome.

Monotherapy

LAMICTAL is indicated for conversion to monotherapy in adults (aged 16 years and older) with partial-onset seizures who arereceiving treatment with carbamazepine, phenytoin, phenobarbital, primidone, or valproate as the single antiepileptic drug (AED).

Safety and effectiveness of LAMICTAL have not been established (1) as initial monotherapy; (2) for conversion to monotherapyfrom AEDs other than carbamazepine, phenytoin, phenobarbital, primidone, or valproate; or (3) for simultaneous conversion to monotherapy from 2 or more concomitant AEDs.

Bipolar Disorder

LAMICTAL is indicated for the maintenance treatment of bipolar I disorder to delay the time to occurrence of mood episodes(depression, mania, hypomania, mixed episodes) in patients treated for acute mood episodes with standard therapy [seeClinical Studies].

Limitations Of Use

Treatment of acute manic or mixed episodes is not recommended. Effectiveness of LAMICTAL in the acute treatment of moodepisodes has not been established.

DOSAGE AND ADMINISTRATION

General Dosing Considerations

Rash

There are suggestions, yet to be proven, that the risk of severe, potentially life-threatening rash may be increased by (1) coadministration of LAMICTAL with valproate, (2) exceeding the recommended initial dose of LAMICTAL, or (3) exceeding the recommended dose escalation for LAMICTAL. However, cases have occurred in the absence of these factors [seeBOXED WARNING].Therefore, it is important that the dosing recommendations be followed closely.

The risk of nonserious rash may be increased when the recommended initial dose and/or the rate of dose escalation for LAMICTAL is exceeded and in patients with a history of allergy or rash to other AEDs.

LAMICTAL Starter Kits and LAMICTAL ODT Patient Titration Kits provide LAMICTAL at doses consistent with the recommended titration schedule for the first 5 weeks of treatment, based upon concomitant medications, for patients with epilepsy(older than 12 years) and bipolar I disorder (adults) and are intended to help reduce the potential for rash. The use of LAMICTAL Starter Kits and LAMICTAL ODT Patient Titration Kits is recommended for appropriate patients who are starting or restarting LAMICTAL [seeHOW SUPPLIED/Storage And Handling].

It is recommended that LAMICTAL not be restarted in patients who discontinued due to rash associated with prior treatment with lamotrigine unless the potential benefits clearly outweigh the risks. If the decision is made to restart a patient who has discontinued LAMICTAL, the need to restart with the initial dosing recommendations should be assessed. The greater the interval of time since the previous dose, the greater consideration should be given to restarting with the initial dosing recommendations. If a patient has discontinued lamotrigine for a period of more than 5 half-lives, it is recommended that initial dosing recommendations and guidelines be followed. The half-life of lamotrigine is affected by other concomitant medications [seeCLINICAL PHARMACOLOGY].

LAMICTAL Added To Drugs Known To Induce Or Inhibit Glucuronidation

Because lamotrigine is metabolized predominantly by glucuronic acid conjugation, drugs that are known to induce or inhibit glucuronidation may affect the apparent clearance of lamotrigine. Drugs that induce glucuronidation include carbamazepine, phenytoin, phenobarbital, primidone, rifampin, estrogen-containing oral contraceptives, and the protease inhibitors lopinavir/ritonavir and atazanavir/ritonavir. Valproate inhibits glucuronidation. For dosing considerations for LAMICTAL inpatients on estrogen-containing contraceptives and atazanavir/ritonavir, see below and Table 13. For dosing considerations for LAMICTAL in patients on other drugs known to induce or inhibit glucuronidation, see Tables 1, 2, 5-6, and 13.

Target Plasma Levels For Patients With Epilepsy Or Bipolar Disorder

A therapeutic plasma concentration range has not been established for lamotrigine. Dosing of LAMICTAL should be based on therapeutic response [seeCLINICAL PHARMACOLOGY].

Women Taking Estrogen-Containing Oral Contraceptives

Starting LAMICTAL in Women Taking Estrogen-Containing Oral Contraceptives

Althoughestrogen-containing oral contraceptives have been shown to increase the clearance of lamotrigine [seeCLINICAL PHARMACOLOGY)], no adjustments to the recommended dose-escalation guidelines for LAMICTAL should be necessary solely based on the use of estrogen-containing oral contraceptives. Therefore, dose escalation should follow the recommended guidelines for initiating adjunctive therapy with LAMICTAL based on the concomitant AED or other concomitant medications (see Tables 1, 5, and 7). See below for adjustments to maintenance doses of LAMICTAL in women taking estrogen-containing oral contraceptives.

Adjustments To The Maintenance Dose Of LAMICTAL In Women Taking Estrogen-Containing Oral Contraceptives

(1) Taking Estrogen-Containing Oral Contraceptives:In women not taking carbamazepine, phenytoin, phenobarbital, primidone, or other drugs such as rifampin and theproteaseinhibitors lopinavir/ritonavir and atazanavir/ritonavir that induce lamotrigine glucuronidation [seeDRUG INTERACTIONS,CLINICAL PHARMACOLOGY], the maintenance dose of LAMICTAL will in most cases need to be increased by as much as 2-fold over the recommended target maintenance dose to maintain a consistent lamotrigine plasma level.

(2) Starting Estrogen-Containing Oral Contraceptives:女性服用剂量的利,不稳定taking carbamazepine, phenytoin, phenobarbital, primidone, or other drugs such as rifampin and the protease inhibitors lopinavir/ritonavirand atazanavir/ritonavir that induce lamotrigine glucuronidation [seeDRUG INTERACTIONS,CLINICAL PHARMACOLOGY], the maintenance dose will in most cases need to be increased by as much as 2-fold to maintain a consistent lamotrigine plasma level. The dose increases should begin at the same time that the oral contraceptive is introduced and continue, based on clinical response, no more rapidly than 50 to 100 mg/day every week. Dose increases should not exceed the recommended rate (see Tables 1 and 5)unless lamotrigine plasma levels or clinical response support larger increases. Gradual transient increases in lamotrigine plasma levels may occur during the week of inactive hormonal preparation (pill-free week), and these increases will be greater if dose increases are made in the days before or during the week of inactive hormonal preparation. Increased lamotrigine plasma levels could result in additional adverse reactions, such as dizziness,ataxia, anddiplopia. If adverse reactions attributable to LAMICTAL consistently occur during the pill-free week, dose adjustments to the overall maintenance dose may be necessary. Dose adjustment slimited to the pill-free week are not recommended. For women taking LAMICTAL in addition to carbamazepine, phenytoin, phenobarbital, primidone, or other drugs such as rifampin and the protease inhibitors lopinavir/ritonavir and atazanavir/ritonavirthat induce lamotrigine glucuronidation [seeDRUG INTERACTIONS,CLINICAL PHARMACOLOGY], no adjustment to the dose of LAMICTAL should be necessary.

(3) Stopping Estrogen-Containing Oral Contraceptives:In women not taking carbamazepine, phenytoin, phenobarbital, primidone, or other drugs such as rifampin and the protease inhibitors lopinavir/ritonavir and atazanavir/ritonavir that induce lamotrigine glucuronidation [seeDRUG INTERACTIONS,CLINICAL PHARMACOLOGY], the maintenance dose of LAMICTAL will in mostcases need to be decreased by as much as 50% in order to maintain a consistent lamotrigine plasma level. The decrease in dose ofLAMICTAL should not exceed 25% of the total daily dose per week over a 2-week period, unless clinical response or lamotrigineplasma levels indicate otherwise [seeCLINICAL PHARMACOLOGY]. In women taking LAMICTAL in addition to carbamazepine, phenytoin, phenobarbital, primidone, or other drugs such as rifampin and the protease inhibitors lopinavir/ritonavir and atazanavir/ritonavir that induce lamotrigine glucuronidation [seeDRUG INTERACTIONS,CLINICAL PHARMACOLOGY], no adjustment to the dose of LAMICTAL should be necessary.

Women And Other Hormonal Contraceptive Preparations Or Hormone Replacement Therapy

其他激素避孕prepara的效果tions or hormone replacement therapy on the pharmacokinetics of lamotriginehas not been systematically evaluated. It has been reported that ethinylestradiol, not progestogens, increased the clearance oflamotrigine up to 2-fold, and theprogestin-only pills had no effect on lamotrigine plasma levels. Therefore, adjustments to thedosage of LAMICTAL in the presence of progestogens alone will likely not be needed.

Patients Taking Atazanavir/Ritonavir

While atazanavir/ritonavir does reduce the lamotrigine plasma concentration, no adjustments to the recommended dose-escalationguidelines for LAMICTAL should be necessary solely based on the use of atazanavir/ritonavir. Dose escalation should follow the recommended guidelines for initiating adjunctive therapy with LAMICTAL based on concomitant AED or other concomitant medications (see Tables 1, 2, and 5). In patients already taking maintenance doses of LAMICTAL and not taking glucuronidationinducers, the dose of LAMICTAL may need to be increased if atazanavir/ritonavir is added or decreased if atazanavir/ritonavir is discontinued [seeCLINICAL PHARMACOLOGY].

Patients With Hepatic Impairment

Experience in patients with hepatic impairment is limited. Based on a clinicalpharmacologystudy in 24 subjects with mild,moderate, and severe liver impairment [seeUse In Specific Populations,CLINICAL PHARMACOLOGY], the following general recommendations can be made. No dosage adjustment is needed in patients with mild liver impairment. Initial, escalation, and maintenance doses should generally be reduced by approximately 25% in patients with moderate and severe liver impairment withoutascitesand 50% in patients with severe liver impairment with as cites. Escalation and maintenance doses may be adjusted according to clinical response.

Patients With Renal Impairment

应该基于patie初始剂量的利nts’ concomitant medications (see Tables 1-3 and 5); reduced maintenance doses may be effective for patients with significant renal impairment [seeUse In Specific Populations,CLINICAL PHARMACOLOGY]. Few patients with severe renal impairment have been evaluated during chronic treatment with LAMICTAL. Because there is inadequate experience in this population, LAMICTAL should be used with caution in these patients.

Discontinuation Strategy

Epilepsy

For patients receiving LAMICTAL in combination with other AEDs, a re-evaluation of all AEDs in the regimen should be considered if a change inseizurecontrol or an appearance or worsening of adverse reactions is observed.

If a decision is made to discontinue therapy with LAMICTAL, a step-wise reduction of dose over at least 2 weeks (approximately50% per week) is recommended unless safety concerns require a more rapid withdrawal [seeWARNINGS AND PRECAUTIONS].

Discontinuing carbamazepine, phenytoin, phenobarbital, primidone, or other drugs such as rifampin and the protease inhibitors lopinavir/ritonavir and atazanavir/ritonavir that induce lamotrigine glucuronidation should prolong the half-life of lamotrigine; discontinuing valproate should shorten the half-life of lamotrigine.

Bipolar Disorder

In the controlled clinical trials, there was no increase in the incidence, type, or severity of adverse reactions following abrupt termination of LAMICTAL. In the clinical development program in adults withbipolar disorder, 2 patients experienced seizures shortly after abrupt withdrawal of LAMICTAL. Discontinuation of LAMICTAL should involve a step-wise reduction of dose over at least 2 weeks (approximately 50% per week) unless safety concerns require a more rapid withdrawal [seeWARNINGS AND PRECAUTIONS].

Epilepsy - Adjunctive Therapy

This section provides specific dosing recommendations for patients older than 12 years and patients aged 2 to 12 years. Within each of these age-groups, specific dosing recommendations are provided depending upon concomitant AEDs or other concomitant medications (see Table 1 for patients older than 12 years and Table 2 for patients aged 2 to 12 years). A weight-based dosing guide for patients aged 2 to 12 years on concomitant valproate is provided in Table 3.

Patients Older Than 12 Years

Recommended dosing guidelines are summarized in Table 1.

Table 1: Escalation Regimen for LAMICTAL in Patients Older than 12 Years with Epilepsy

	In Patients TAKING Valproatea	In Patients NOT TAKING Carbamazepine, Phenytoin, Phenobarbital, Primidone,bor Valproatea	In Patients TAKING Carbamazepine, Phenytoin, Phenobarbital, or Primidoneband NOT TAKING Valproatea
Weeks 1 and 2	25 mg every other day	25 mg every day	50 mg/day
Weeks 3 and 4	25 mg every day	50 mg/day	100 mg/day (in 2 divided doses)
Week 5 onward to maintenance	Increase by 25 to 50 mg/day every 1 to 2 weeks.	Increase by 50 mg/day every 1 to 2 weeks.	Increase by 100 mg/day every 1 to 2 weeks.
Usual maintenance dose	100 to 200 mg/day with valproate alone 100 to 400 mg/day with valproate and other drugs that induce glucuronidation (in 1 or 2 divided doses)	225 to 375 mg/day (in 2 divided doses)	300 to 500 mg/day (in 2 divided doses)
aValproate has been shown to inhibit glucuronidation and decrease the apparent clearance of lamotrigine [seeDRUG INTERACTIONS,CLINICAL PHARMACOLOGY]. bDrugs that induce lamotrigine glucuronidation and increase clearance, other than the specified antiepileptic drugs, include estrogen-containing oral contraceptives, rifampin, and the protease inhibitors lopinavir/ritonavir and atazanavir/ritonavir. Dosing recommendations for oral contraceptives and the protease inhibitor atazanavir/ritonavir can be found in General Dosing Considerations [seeDOSAGE AND ADMINISTRATION]. Patients on rifampin and the protease inhibitor lopinavir/ritonavir should follow the same dosing titration/maintenance regimen used with antiepileptic drugs that induce glucuronidation and increase clearance [seeDOSAGE AND ADMINISTRATION,DRUG INTERACTIONS,CLINICAL PHARMACOLOGY].

Patients Aged 2 To 12 Years

Recommended dosing guidelines are summarized in Table 2.

Lower starting doses and slower dose escalations than those used in clinical trials are recommended because of the suggestion tha tthe risk of rash may be decreased by lower starting doses and slower dose escalations. Therefore, maintenance doses will take longer to reach in clinical practice than in clinical trials. It may take several weeks to months to achieve an individualized maintenance dose. Maintenance doses in patients weighing <30 kg, regardless of age or concomitant AED, may need to be increased as much as 50%, based on clinical response.

The smallest available strength of LAMICTAL tablets for oral suspension is 2 mg, and only whole tablets should be administered. If the calculated dose cannot be achieved using whole tablets, the dose should be rounded down to the nearest whole tablet [seeHOW SUPPLIED/Storage And Handling,Medication Guide].

Table 2: Escalation Regimen for LAMICTAL in Patients Aged 2 to 12 Years with Epilepsy

	In Patients TAKING Valproatea	In Patients NOT TAKING Carbamazepine, Phenytoin, Phenobarbital, Primidone,bor Valproatea	In Patients TAKING Carbamazepine, Phenytoin, Phenobarbital, or Primidoneband NOT TAKING Valproatea
Weeks 1 and 2	0.15 mg/kg/day in 1 or 2 divided doses, rounded down to the nearest whole tablet (see Table 3 for weight-based dosing guide)	0.3 mg/kg/day in 1 or 2 divided doses, rounded down to the nearest whole tablet	0.6 mg/kg/day in 2 divided doses, rounded down to the nearest whole tablet
Weeks 3 and 4	0.3 mg/kg/day in 1 or 2 divided doses, rounded down to the nearest whole tablet (see Table 3 for weight-based dosing guide)	0.6 mg/kg/day in 2 divided doses, rounded down to the nearest whole tablet	1.2 mg/kg/day in 2 divided doses, rounded down to the nearest whole tablet
Week 5 onward to maintenance	The dose should be increased every 1 to 2 weeks as follows: calculate 0.3 mg/kg/day, round this amount down to the nearest whole tablet, and add this amount to the previously administered daily dose.	The dose should be increased every 1 to 2 weeks as follows: calculate 0.6 mg/kg/day, round this amount down to the nearest whole tablet, and add this amount to the previously administered daily dose.	The dose should be increased every 1 to 2 weeks as follows: calculate 1.2 mg/kg/day, round this amount down to the nearest whole tablet, and add this amount to the previously administered daily dose.
Usual maintenance dose	1 to 5 mg/kg/day (maximum 200 mg/day in 1 or 2 divided doses) 1 to 3 mg/kg/day with valproate alone	4.5 to 7.5 mg/kg/day (maximum 300 mg/day in 2 divided doses)	5 to 15 mg/kg/day (maximum 400 mg/day in 2 divided doses)
Maintenance dose in patients <30 kg	May need to be increased by as much as 50%, based on clinical response.	May need to be increased by as much as 50%, based on clinical response.	May need to be increased by as much as 50%, based on clinical response.
Note: Only whole tablets should be used for dosing. aValproate has been shown to inhibit glucuronidation and decrease the apparent clearance of lamotrigine [seeDRUG INTERACTIONS,CLINICAL PHARMACOLOGY]. bDrugs that induce lamotrigine glucuronidation and increase clearance, other than the specified antiepileptic drugs, include estrogen-containing oral contraceptives, rifampin, and the protease inhibitors lopinavir/ritonavir and atazanavir/ritonavir. Dosing recommendations for oral contraceptives and the protease inhibitor atazanavir/ritonavir can be found in General Dosing Considerations [seeDOSAGE AND ADMINISTRATION]. Patients on rifampin and the protease inhibitor lopinavir/ritonavir should follow the same dosing titration/maintenance regimen used with antiepileptic drugs that induce glucuronidation and increase clearance [seeDOSAGE AND ADMINISTRATION,DRUG INTERACTIONS,CLINICAL PHARMACOLOGY].

Table 3: The Initial Weight-Based Dosing Guide for Patients Aged 2 to 12 Years Taking Valproate (Weeks 1 to 4) with Epilepsy

If the patient’s weight is		Give this daily dose, using the most appropriate combination of LAMICTAL 2- and 5-mg tablets
Greater than	And less than	Weeks 1 and 2	Weeks 3 and 4
6.7 kg	14 kg	2 mg every other day	2 mg every day
14.1 kg	27 kg	2 mg every day	4 mg every day
27.1kg	34 kg	4 mg every day	8 mg every day
34.1 kg	40 kg	5 mg every day	10 mg every day

Usual Adjunctive Maintenance Dose For Epilepsy

The usual maintenance doses identified in Tables 1 and 2 are derived from dosing regimens employed in the placebo-controlled adjunctive trials in which the efficacy of LAMICTAL was established. In patients receiving multidrug regimens employing carbamazepine, phenytoin, phenobarbital, or primidone without valproate, maintenance doses of adjunctive LAMICTAL as high as700 mg/day have been used. In patients receiving valproate alone, maintenance doses of adjunctive LAMICTAL as high as 200mg/day have been used. The advantage of using doses above those recommended in Tables 1-4 has not been established in controlled trials.

Epilepsy - Conversion From Adjunctive Therapy To Monotherapy

The goal of the transition regimen is to attempt to maintain seizure control while mitigating the risk of serious rash associated with the rapid titration of LAMICTAL.

The recommended maintenance dose of LAMICTAL as monotherapy is 500 mg/day given in 2 divided doses.

To avoid an increased risk of rash, the recommended initial dose and subsequent dose escalations for LAMICTAL should not be exceeded [seeBOXED WARNING].

Conversion From Adjunctive Therapy With Carbamazepine, Phenytoin, Phenobarbital, Or Primidone To Monotherapy With LAMICTAL

After achieving a dose of 500 mg/day of LAMICTAL using the guidelines in Table 1, the concomitant enzyme-inducing AED should be withdrawn by 20% decrements each week over a 4-week period. The regimen for the withdrawal of the concomitant AED is based on experience gained in the controlled monotherapy clinical trial.

Conversion From Adjunctive Therapy With Valproate To Monotherapy With LAMICTAL

The conversion regimen involves the 4 steps outlined in Table 4.

Table 4: Conversion from Adjunctive Therapy with Valproate to Monotherapy with LAMICTAL in Patients Aged 16 Years and Older with Epilepsy

	LAMICTAL	Valproate
Step 1	Achieve a dose of 200 mg/day according to guidelines in Table 1.	Maintain established stable dose.
Step 2	Maintain at 200 mg/day.	Decrease dose by decrements no greater than 500 mg/day/week to 500 mg/day and then maintain for 1 week.
Step 3	Increase to 300 mg/day and maintain for 1 week.	Simultaneously decrease to 250 mg/day and maintain for 1 week.
Step 4	Increase by 100 mg/day every week to achieve maintenance dose of 500 mg/day.	Discontinue.

Conversion From Adjunctive Therapy With Antiepileptic Drugs Other Than Carbamazepine, Phenytoin, Phenobarbital, Primidone, Or Valproate To Monotherapy With LAMICTAL

No specific dosing guidelines can be provided for conversion to monotherapy with LAMICTAL with AEDs other than carbamazepine, phenytoin, phenobarbital, primidone, or valproate.

Bipolar Disorder

The goal of maintenance treatment with LAMICTAL is to delay the time to occurrence of mood episodes (depression,mania,hypomania, mixed episodes) in patients treated for acute mood episodes with standard therapy [seeINDICATIONS AND USAGE].

Patients taking LAMICTAL for more than 16 weeks should be periodically reassessed to determine the need for maintenance treatment.

Adults

The target dose of LAMICTAL is 200 mg/day (100 mg/day in patients taking valproate, which decreases the apparent clearance of lamotrigine, and 400 mg/day in patients not taking valproate and taking either carbamazepine, phenytoin, phenobarbital, primidone, or other drugs such as rifampin and the protease inhibitor lopinavir/ritonavir that increase the apparent clearance oflamotrigine). In the clinical trials, doses up to 400 mg/day as monotherapy were evaluated; however, no additional benefit was seen at 400 mg/day compared with 200 mg/day [seeClinical Studies]. Accordingly, doses above 200 mg/day are not recommended.

Treatment with LAMICTAL is introduced, based on concurrent medications, according to the regimen outlined in Table 5. If other psychotropic medications are withdrawn following stabilization, the dose of LAMICTAL should be adjusted. In patients discontinuing valproate, the dose of LAMICTAL should be doubled over a 2-week period in equal weekly increments (see Table6). In patients discontinuing carbamazepine, phenytoin, phenobarbital, primidone, or other drugs such as rifampin and the protease inhibitors lopinavir/ritonavir and atazanavir/ritonavir that induce lamotrigine glucuronidation, the dose of LAMICTAL should remain constant for the first week and then should be decreased by half over a 2-week period in equal weekly decrements (see Table 6). The dose of LAMICTAL may then be further adjusted to the target dose (200 mg) as clinically indicated.

If other drugs are subsequently introduced, the dose of LAMICTAL may need to be adjusted. In particular, the introduction of valproate requires reduction in the dose of LAMICTAL [seeDRUG INTERACTIONS,CLINICAL PHARMACOLOGY].

To avoid an increased risk of rash, the recommended initial dose and subsequent dose escalations of LAMICTAL should not be exceeded [seeBOXED WARNING].

Table 5: Escalation Regimen for LAMICTAL in Adults with Bipolar Disorder

	In Patients TAKING Valproatea	In Patients NOT TAKING Carbamazepine, Phenytoin, Phenobarbital, Primidone,bor Valproatea	In Patients TAKING Carbamazepine, Phenytoin, Phenobarbital, or Primidoneband NOT TAKING Valproatea
Weeks 1 and 2	25 mg every other day	25 mg daily	50 mg daily
Weeks 3 and 4	25 mg daily	50 mg daily	100 mg daily, in divided doses
Week 5	50 mg daily	100 mg daily	200 mg daily, in divided doses
Week 6	100 mg daily	200 mg daily	300 mg daily, in divided doses
Week 7	100 mg daily	200 mg daily	up to 400 mg daily, in divided doses
aValproate has been shown to inhibit glucuronidation and decrease the apparent clearance of lamotrigine [seeDRUG INTERACTIONS,CLINICAL PHARMACOLOGY]. bDrugs that induce lamotrigine glucuronidation and increase clearance, other than the specified antiepileptic drugs, include estrogen-containing oral contraceptives, rifampin, and the protease inhibitors lopinavir/ritonavir and atazanavir/ritonavir. Dosing recommendations for oral contraceptives and the protease inhibitor atazanavir/ritonavir can be found in General Dosing Considerations [seeDOSAGE AND ADMINISTRATION]. Patients on rifampin and the protease inhibitor lopinavir/ritonavir should follow the same dosing titration/maintenance regimen used with antiepileptic drugs that induce glucuronidation and increase clearance [seeDOSAGE AND ADMINISTRATION,DRUG INTERACTIONS,CLINICAL PHARMACOLOGY].

Table 6: Dosage Adjustments to LAMICTAL in Adults with Bipolar Disorder following Discontinuation of PsychotropicMedications

	Discontinuation of Psychotropic Drugs (excluding Valproate,aCarbamazepine, Phenytoin, Phenobarbital, or Primidoneb)	After Discontinuation of Valproatea	After Discontinuation of Carbamazepine, Phenytoin, Phenobarbital, or Primidoneb
		Current Dose of LAMICTAL (mg/day) 100	Current Dose of LAMICTAL (mg/day) 400
Week 1	Maintain current dose of LAMICTAL	150	400
Week 2	Maintain current dose of LAMICTAL	200	300
Week 3 onward	Maintain current dose of LAMICTAL	200	200
aValproate has been shown to inhibit glucuronidation and decrease the apparent clearance of lamotrigine [seeDRUG INTERACTIONS,CLINICAL PHARMACOLOGY]. bDrugs that induce lamotrigine glucuronidation and increase clearance, other than the specified antiepileptic drugs, include estrogen-containing oral contraceptives, rifampin, and the protease inhibitors lopinavir/ritonavir and atazanavir/ritonavir. Dosing recommendations for oral contraceptives and the protease inhibitor atazanavir/ritonavir can be found in General Dosing Considerations [seeDOSAGE AND ADMINISTRATION]. Patients on rifampin and the protease inhibitor lopinavir/ritonavir should follow the same dosing titration/maintenance regimen used with antiepileptic drugs that induce glucuronidation and increase clearance [seeDOSAGE AND ADMINISTRATION,DRUG INTERACTIONS,CLINICAL PHARMACOLOGY].

Administration Of LAMICTAL Tablets For Oral Suspension

LAMICTAL tablets for oral suspension may be swallowed whole, chewed, or dispersed in water or diluted fruit juice. If the tabletsare chewed, consume a small amount of water or diluted fruit juice to aid in swallowing.

To disperse LAMICTAL tablets for oral suspension, add the tablets to a small amount of liquid (1 teaspoon, or enough to cover the medication). Approximately 1 minute later, when the tablets are completely dispersed, swirl the solution and consume the entire quantity immediately. No attempt should be made to administer partial quantities of the dispersed tablets.

Administration Of LAMICTAL ODT Orally Disintegrating Tablets

LAMICTAL ODT orally disintegrating tablets should be placed onto the tongue and moved around in the mouth. The tablet will disintegrate rapidly, can be swallowed with or without water, and can be taken with or without food.

HOW SUPPLIED

Dosage Forms And Strengths

Tablets

25-mg, white, scored, shield-shaped tablets debossed with “LAMICTAL” and “25.”

100-mg, peach, scored, shield-shaped tablets debossed with “LAMICTAL” and “100.”

150-mg, cream, scored, shield-shaped tablets debossed with “LAMICTAL” and “150.”

200-mg, blue, scored, shield-shaped tablets debossed with “LAMICTAL” and “200.”

Tablets For Oral Suspension

2-mg, white to off-white, round tablets debossed with “LTG” over “2.”

5-mg, white to off-white, caplet-shaped tablets debossed with “GX CL2.”

25-mg, white, super elliptical-shaped tablets debossed with “GX CL5.”

Orally Disintegrating Tablets

25-mg, white to off-white, round, flat-faced,radius小幅的平板电脑与“以前”一边和凹面图形“25” on the other side.

50-mg, white to off-white, round, flat-faced, radius-edged tablets debossed with “LMT” on one side and “50” on the other side.

100-mg, white to off-white, round, flat-faced, radius-edged tablets debossed with “LAMICTAL” on one side and “100” on the other side.

200-mg, white to off-white, round, flat-faced, radius-edged tablets debossed with “LAMICTAL” on one side and “200” on the other side.

Storage And Handling

LAMICTAL (lamotrigine) tablets

25-mg, white, scored, shield-shaped tablets debossed with “LAMICTAL” and “25”, bottles of 100 (NDC0173-0633-02).

Store at 25°C (77°F); excursions permitted to 15°C to 30°C (59°F to 86°F) [seeUSP Controlled Room Temperature] in a dry place.

100-mg, peach, scored, shield-shaped tablets debossed with “LAMICTAL” and “100”, bottles of 100 (NDC0173-0642-55).

150-mg, cream, scored, shield-shaped tablets debossed with “LAMICTAL” and “150”, bottles of 60 (NDC0173-0643-60).

200-mg, blue, scored, shield-shaped tablets debossed with “LAMICTAL” and “200”, bottles of 60 (NDC0173-0644-60).

Store at 25°C (77°F); excursions permitted to 15°C to 30°C (59°F to 86°F) [seeUSP Controlled Room Temperature] in a dry placeand protect from light.

LAMICTAL (lamotrigine) Starter Kit For Patients Taking Valproate (Blue Kit)

25-mg, white, scored, shield-shaped tablets debossed with “LAMICTAL” and “25”, blister pack of 35 tablets (NDC0173-0633-10).

Store at 25°C (77°F); excursions permitted to 15°C to 30°C (59°F to 86°F) [seeUSP Controlled Room Temperature] in a dry place.

LAMICTAL (lamotrigine) Starter Kit For Patients Taking Carbamazepine, Phenytoin, Phenobarbital, Or Primidone And Not TakingValproate (Green Kit)

25-mg, white, scored, shield-shaped tablets debossed with “LAMICTAL” and “25” and 100 mg, peach, scored, shield-shapedtablets debossed with “LAMICTAL” and “100”, blister pack of 98 tablets (84/25-mg tablets and 14/100-mg tablets) (NDC0173-0817-28).

Store at 25°C (77°F); excursions permitted to 15°C to 30°C (59°F to 86°F) [seeUSP Controlled Room Temperature] in a dry placeand protect from light.

LAMICTAL (lamotrigine) Starter Kit For Patients Not Taking Carbamazepine, Phenytoin, Phenobarbital, Primidone, Or Valproate(Orange Kit)

25-mg, white, scored, shield-shaped tablets debossed with “LAMICTAL” and “25” and 100 mg, peach, scored, shield-shapedtablets debossed with “LAMICTAL” and “100”, blister pack of 49 tablets (42/25-mg tablets and 7/100-mg tablets) (NDC0173-0594-02).

Store at 25°C (77°F); excursions permitted to 15°C to 30°C (59°F to 86°F) [seeUSP Controlled Room Temperature] in a dry placeand protect from light.

LAMICTAL (lamotrigine) Tablets For Oral Suspension

2-mg, white to off-white, round tablets debossed with “LTG” over “2”, bottles of 30 (NDC0173-0699-00). ORDER DIRECTLYFROM GlaxoSmithKline 1-800-334-4153.

5-mg, white to off-white, caplet-shaped tablets debossed with “GX CL2”, bottles of 100 (NDC0173-0526-00).

25-mg, white, super elliptical-shaped tablets debossed with “GX CL5”, bottles of 100 (NDC0173-0527-00).

Store at 25°C (77°F); excursions permitted to 15°C to 30°C (59°F to 86°F) [seeUSP Controlled Room Temperature] in a dry place.

LAMICTAL ODT (lamotrigine) Orally Disintegrating Tablets

25-mg, white to off-white, round, flat-faced, radius-edged tablets debossed with “LMT” on one side and “25” on the other,Maintenance Packs of 30 (NDC0173-0772-02).

50-mg, white to off-white, round, flat-faced, radius-edged tablets debossed with “LMT” on one side and “50” on the other,Maintenance Packs of 30 (NDC0173-0774-02).

100-mg, white to off-white, round, flat-faced, radius-edged tablets debossed with “LAMICTAL” on one side and “100” on theother, Maintenance Packs of 30 (NDC0173-0776-02).

200-mg, white to off-white, round, flat-faced, radius-edged tablets debossed with “LAMICTAL” on one side and “200” on theother, Maintenance Packs of 30 (NDC0173-0777-02).

Store between 20°C and 25°C (68°F and 77°F); with excursions permitted between 15°C and 30°C (59°F and 86°F).

LAMICTAL ODT (lamotrigine) Patient Titration Kit For Patients Taking Valproate (Blue ODT Kit)

25-mg, white to off-white, round, flat-faced, radius-edged tablets debossed with “LMT” on one side and “25” on the other, and50 mg, white to off-white, round, flat-faced, radius-edged tablets debossed with “LMT” on one side and “50” on the other, blisterpack of 28 tablets (21/25-mg tablets and 7/50-mg tablets) (NDC0173-0779-00).

Store between 20°C and 25°C (68°F and 77°F); with excursions permitted between 15°C and 30°C (59°F and 86°F).

LAMICTAL ODT (lamotrigine) Patient Titration Kit For Patients Taking Carbamazepine, Phenytoin, Phenobarbital, Or Primidoneand Not Taking Valproate (Green ODT Kit)

50-mg, white to off-white, round, flat-faced, radius-edged tablets debossed with “LMT” on one side and “50” on the other, and100 mg, white to off-white, round, flat-faced, radius-edged tablets debossed with “LAMICTAL” on one side and “100” on theother, blister pack of 56 tablets (42/50-mg tablets and 14/100-mg tablets) (NDC0173-0780-00).

Store between 20°C and 25°C (68°F and 77°F); with excursions permitted between 15°C and 30°C (59°F and 86°F).

LAMICTAL ODT (lamotrigine) Patient Titration Kit For Patients Not Taking Carbamazepine, Phenytoin, Phenobarbital,Primidone, Or Valproate (Orange ODT Kit)

25-mg, white to off-white, round, flat-faced, radius-edged tablets debossed with “LMT” on one side and “25” on the other, 50 mg,white to off-white, round, flat-faced, radius-edged tablets debossed with “LMT” on one side and “50” on the other, and 100 mg,white to off-white, round, flat-faced, radius-edged tablets debossed with “LAMICTAL” on one side and “100” on the other, blisterpack of 35 (14/25-mg tablets, 14/50-mg tablets, and 7/100-mg tablets) (NDC0173-0778-00).

Store between 20°C and 25°C (68°F and 77°F); with excursions permitted between 15°C and 30°C (59°F and 86°F).

Blister Packs

If the product is dispensed in a blister pack, the patient should be advised to examine the blister pack before use and not use ifblisters are torn, broken, or missing.

Distributed by: GlaxoSmithKline, Research Triangle Park, NC 27709. Revised: Apr 2022

SIDE EFFECTS

The following serious adverse reactions are described in more detail in the Warnings and Precautions section of the labeling:

• Serious Skin Rashes [seeWARNINGS AND PRECAUTIONS]
• Hemophagocytic Lymphohistiocytosis[seeWARNINGS AND PRECAUTIONS]
• Multiorgan Hypersensitivity Reactions andOrgan Failure[seeWARNINGS AND PRECAUTIONS]
• Cardiac Rhythm and Conduction Abnormalities [seeWARNINGS AND PRECAUTIONS]
• 血液恶液质(见WARNINGS AND PRECAUTIONS]
• Suicidal Behavior and Ideation [seeWARNINGS AND PRECAUTIONS]
• AsepticMeningitis[seeWARNINGS AND PRECAUTIONS]
• Withdrawal Seizures [seeWARNINGS AND PRECAUTIONS]
• Status Epilepticus[seeWARNINGS AND PRECAUTIONS]
• Sudden Unexplained Death inEpilepsy[seeWARNINGS AND PRECAUTIONS]

Clinical Trial Experience

Because clinical trials are conducted under widely varying conditions, adverse reaction rates observed in the clinical trials of a drugcannot be directly compared with rates in the clinical trials of another drug and may not reflect the rates observed in practice.

Epilepsy

Most Common Adverse Reactions In All Clinical Trials

成人癫痫患者的辅助治疗:密苏里州st commonly observed(≥5% for LAMICTAL and more common on drug than placebo) adverse reactions seen in association with LAMICTAL duringadjunctive therapy in adults and not seen at an equivalent frequency among placebo-treated patients were: dizziness, ataxia,somnolence, headache, diplopia, blurred vision, nausea, vomiting, and rash. Dizziness, diplopia, ataxia, blurred vision, nausea, andvomiting were dose related. Dizziness, diplopia, ataxia, and blurred vision occurred more commonly in patients receivingcarbamazepine with LAMICTAL than in patients receiving other AEDs with LAMICTAL. Clinical data suggest a higher incidenceof rash, including serious rash, in patients receiving concomitant valproate than in patients not receiving valproate [seeWARNINGS AND PRECAUTIONS].

Approximately 11% of the 3,378 adult patients who received LAMICTAL as adjunctive therapy in premarketing clinical trialsdiscontinued treatment because of an adverse reaction. The adverse reactions most commonly associated with discontinuation wererash (3.0%), dizziness (2.8%), and headache (2.5%).

In a dose-response trial in adults, the rate of discontinuation of LAMICTAL for dizziness, ataxia, diplopia, blurred vision, nausea,and vomiting was dose related.

Monotherapy In Adults With Epilepsy

The most commonly observed (≥5% for LAMICTAL and more common on drug thanplacebo) adverse reactions seen in association with the use of LAMICTAL during the monotherapy phase of the controlled trial inadults not seen at an equivalent rate in the control group were vomiting, coordination abnormality,dyspepsia, nausea, dizziness,rhinitis, anxiety, insomnia, infection, pain, weight decrease, chest pain, and dysmenorrhea. The most commonly observed (≥5% forLAMICTAL and more common on drug than placebo) adverse reactions associated with the use of LAMICTAL during theconversion to monotherapy (add-on) period, not seen at an equivalent frequency among low-dose valproate-treated patients, weredizziness, headache, nausea,asthenia, coordination abnormality, vomiting, rash, somnolence, diplopia, ataxia, accidental injury,tremor, blurred vision, insomnia,nystagmus, diarrhea,lymphadenopathy,pruritus, andsinusitis.

Approximately 10% of the 420 adult patients who received LAMICTAL as monotherapy in premarketing clinical trialsdiscontinued treatment because of an adverse reaction. The adverse reactions most commonly associated with discontinuation wererash (4.5%), headache (3.1%), and asthenia (2.4%).

Adjunctive Therapy In Pediatric Patients With Epilepsy

The most commonly observed (≥5% for LAMICTAL and more commonon drug than placebo) adverse reactions seen in association with the use of LAMICTAL as adjunctive treatment in pediatricpatients aged 2 to 16 years and not seen at an equivalent rate in the control group were infection, vomiting, rash, fever, somnolence,accidental injury, dizziness, diarrhea, abdominal pain, nausea, ataxia, tremor, asthenia,bronchitis, flu syndrome, and diplopia.

In 339 patients aged 2 to 16 years with partial-onset seizures or generalized seizures ofLennox-Gastaut syndrome, 4.2% of patientson LAMICTAL and 2.9% of patients on placebo discontinued due to adverse reactions. The most commonly reported adversereaction that led to discontinuation of LAMICTAL was rash.

Approximately 11.5% of the 1,081 pediatric patients aged 2 to 16 years who received LAMICTAL as adjunctive therapy inpremarketing clinical trials discontinued treatment because of an adverse reaction. The adverse reactions most commonlyassociated with discontinuation were rash (4.4%), reaction aggravated (1.7%), and ataxia (0.6%).

Controlled Adjunctive Clinical Trials In Adults With Epilepsy

Table 8 lists adverse reactions that occurred in adult patients withepilepsy treated with LAMICTAL in placebo-controlled trials. In these trials, either LAMICTAL or placebo was added to thepatient's current AED therapy.

Table 8: Adverse Reactions in Pooled, Placebo-Controlled Adjunctive Trials in Adult Patients with Epilepsy^a,b

Body System/ Adverse Reaction	Percent of Patients Receiving Adjunctive LAMICTAL (n = 711)	Percent of Patients Receiving Adjunctive Placebo (n = 419)
Body as a whole
Headache	29	19
Flu syndrome	7	6
Fever	6	4
Abdominal pain	5	4
Neck pain	2	1
Reaction aggravated (seizure exacerbation)	2	1
Digestive
Nausea	19	10
Vomiting	9	4
Diarrhea	6	4
Dyspepsia	5	2
Constipation	4	3
Anorexia	2	1
Musculoskeletal
Arthralgia	2	0
Nervous
Dizziness	38	13
Ataxia	22	6
Somnolence	14	7
Incoordination	6	2
Insomnia	6	2
Tremor	4	1
Depression	4	3
Anxiety	4	3
Convulsion	3	1
Irritability	3	2
Speech disorder	3	0
Concentration disturbance	2	1
Respiratory
Rhinitis	14	9
Pharyngitis	10	9
Cough increased	8	6
Skin and appendages
Rash	10	5
Pruritus	3	2
Special senses
Diplopia	28	7
Blurred vision	16	5
Vision abnormality	3	1
Urogenital
Female patients only	(n = 365)	(n = 207)
Dysmenorrhea	7	6
Vaginitis	4	1
Amenorrhea	2	1
aAdverse reactions that occurred in at least 2% of patients treated with LAMICTAL and at a greater incidence than placebo. b患者在接受这些辅助试验1 to 3 of the concomitant antiepileptic drugs carbamazepine, phenytoin,phenobarbital, or primidone in addition to LAMICTAL or placebo. Patients may have reported multiple adverse reactions duringthe trial or at discontinuation; thus, patients may be included in more than 1 category.

In a randomized, parallel trial comparing placebo with 300 and 500 mg/day of LAMICTAL, some of the more common drug-related adverse reactions were dose related (see Table 9).

Table 9: Dose-Related Adverse Reactions from a Randomized, Placebo-Controlled, Adjunctive Trial in Adults with Epilepsy

Adverse Reaction	Percent of Patients Experiencing Adverse Reactions
	Placebo (n = 73)	LAMICTAL 300 mg (n = 71)	LAMICTAL 500 mg (n = 72)
Ataxia	10	10	28a,b
Blurred vision	10	11	25a,b
Diplopia	8	24a	49a,b
Dizziness	27	31	54a,b
Nausea	11	18	25a
Vomiting	4	11	18a
aSignificantly greater than placebo group (P<0.05). bSignificantly greater than group receiving LAMICTAL 300 mg (P<0.05).

The overall adverse reaction profile for LAMICTAL was similar between females and males and was independent of age. Becausethe largest non-Caucasian racial subgroup was only 6% of patients exposed to LAMICTAL in placebo-controlled trials, there areinsufficient data to support a statement regarding the distribution of adverse reaction reports by race. Generally, females receivingeither LAMICTAL as adjunctive therapy or placebo were more likely to report adverse reactions than males. The only adversereaction for which the reports on LAMICTAL were >10% more frequent in females than males (without a corresponding differenceby gender on placebo) was dizziness (difference = 16.5%). There was little difference between females and males in the rates ofdiscontinuation of LAMICTAL for individual adverse reactions.

Controlled Monotherapy Trial In Adults With Partial-Onset Seizures

Table 10 lists adverse reactions that occurred in patients withepilepsy treated with monotherapy with LAMICTAL in a double-blind trial following discontinuation of either concomitantcarbamazepine or phenytoin not seen at an equivalent frequency in the control group.

Table 10: Adverse Reactions in a Controlled Monotherapy Trial in Adult Patients with Partial-Onset Seizures^a,b

Body System/ Adverse Reaction	Percent of Patients Receiving LAMICTALcas Monotherapy (n = 43)	Percent of Patients Receiving Low-Dose ValproatedMonotherapy (n = 44)
Body as a whole
Pain	5	0
Infection	5	2
Chest pain	5	2
Digestive
Vomiting	9	0
Dyspepsia	7	2
Nausea	7	2
Metabolic and nutritional
Weight decrease	5	2
Nervous
Coordination abnormality	7	0
Dizziness	7	0
Anxiety	5	0
Insomnia	5	2
Respiratory
Rhinitis	7	2
Urogenital(female patients only)	(n = 21)	(n = 28)
Dysmenorrhea	5	0
aAdverse reactions that occurred in at least 5% of patients treated with LAMICTAL and at a greater incidence than valproate-treated patients. bPatients in this trial were converted to LAMICTAL or valproate monotherapy from adjunctive therapy with carbamazepine orphenytoin. Patients may have reported multiple adverse reactions during the trial; thus, patients may be included in more than 1category. cUp to 500 mg/day. d1,000 mg/day.

Adverse reactions that occurred with a frequency of <5% and >2% of patients receiving LAMICTAL and numerically morefrequent than placebo were:

Body as a Whole:Asthenia, fever.

Digestive:Anorexia,dry mouth,rectalhemorrhage,peptic ulcer.

Metabolic and Nutritional:Peripheral edema.

Nervous System:Amnesia, ataxia, depression, hypesthesia,libidoincrease, decreased reflexes, increased reflexes, nystagmus,irritability, suicidal ideation.

Respiratory:Epistaxis, bronchitis,dyspnea.

Skin and Appendages:Contact dermatitis, dry skin, sweating.

Special Senses:Vision abnormality.

Incidence In Controlled Adjunctive Trials In Pediatric Patients With Epilepsy

Table 11 lists adverse reactions that occurred in 339pediatric patients with partial-onset seizures or generalized seizures of Lennox-Gastaut syndrome who received LAMICTAL up to15 mg/kg/day or a maximum of 750 mg/day.

Table 11: Adverse Reactions in Pooled, Placebo-Controlled, Adjunctive Trials in Pediatric Patients with Epilepsy^a

Body System/ Adverse Reaction	Percent of Patients Receiving LAMICTAL (n = 168)	接受安慰剂的患者百分比 (n = 171)
Body as a whole
Infection	20	17
Fever	15	14
Accidental injury	14	12
Abdominal pain	10	5
Asthenia	8	4
Flu syndrome	7	6
Pain	5	4
Facial edema	2	1
Photosensitivity	2	0
Cardiovascular
Hemorrhage	2	1
Digestive
Vomiting	20	16
Diarrhea	11	9
Nausea	10	2
Constipation	4	2
Dyspepsia	2	1
Hemic and lymphatic
Lymphadenopathy	2	1
Metabolic and nutritional
Edema	2	0
Nervous system
Somnolence	17	15
Dizziness	14	4
Ataxia	11	3
Tremor	10	1
Emotionallability	4	2
Gaitabnormality	4	2
Thinking abnormality	3	2
Convulsions	2	1
Nervousness	2	1
Vertigo	2	1
Respiratory
Pharyngitis	14	11
Bronchitis	7	5
Increased cough	7	6
Sinusitis	2	1
Bronchospasm	2	1
Skin
Rash	14	12
Eczema	2	1
Pruritus	2	1
Special senses
Diplopia	5	1
Blurred vision	4	1
Visual abnormality	2	0
Urogenital Male and female patients
Urinary tractinfection	3	0
aAdverse reactions that occurred in at least 2% of patients treated with LAMICTAL and at a greater incidence than placebo.

Bipolar Disorder In Adults

The most common adverse reactions seen in association with the use of LAMICTAL as monotherapy (100 to 400 mg/day) in adultpatients (aged 18 to 82 years) with bipolar disorder in the 2 double-blind, placebo-controlled trials of 18 months' duration areincluded in Table 12. Adverse reactions that occurred in at least 5% of patients and were numerically more frequent during thedose-escalation phase of LAMICTAL in these trials (when patients may have been receiving concomitant medications) comparedwith the monotherapy phase were: headache (25%), rash (11%), dizziness (10%), diarrhea (8%), dream abnormality (6%), andpruritus (6%).

During the monotherapy phase of the double-blind, placebo-controlled trials of 18 months' duration, 13% of 227 patients whoreceived LAMICTAL (100 to 400 mg/day), 16% of 190 patients who received placebo, and 23% of 166 patients who receivedlithium discontinued therapy because of an adverse reaction. The adverse reactions that most commonly led to discontinuation ofLAMICTAL were rash (3%) and mania/hypomania/mixed mood adverse reactions (2%). Approximately 16% of 2,401 patientswho received LAMICTAL (50 to 500 mg/day) for bipolar disorder in premarketing trials discontinued therapy because of anadverse reaction, most commonly due to rash (5%) and mania/hypomania/mixed mood adverse reactions (2%).

The overall adverse reaction profile for LAMICTAL was similar between females and males, between elderly and nonelderlypatients, and among racial groups.

Table 12: Adverse Reactions in 2 Placebo-Controlled Trials in Adult Patients with Bipolar I Disorder^a,b

Body System/ Adverse Reaction	Percent of Patients Receiving LAMICTAL (n = 227)	接受安慰剂的患者百分比 (n = 190)
General
Back pain	8	6
Fatigue	8	5
Abdominal pain	6	3
Digestive
Nausea	14	11
Constipation	5	2
Vomiting	5	2
Nervous System
Insomnia	10	6
Somnolence	9	7
Xerostomia(dry mouth)	6	4
Respiratory
Rhinitis	7	4
Exacerbation of cough	5	3
Pharyngitis	5	4
Skin
Rash (nonserious)c	7	5
aAdverse reactions that occurred in at least 5% of patients treated with LAMICTAL and at a greater incidence than placebo. bPatients in these trials were converted to LAMICTAL (100 to 400 mg/day) or placebo monotherapy from add-on therapy withother psychotropic medications. Patients may have reported multiple adverse reactions during the trial; thus, patients may beincluded in more than 1 category. cIn the overall bipolar and other mood disorders clinical trials, the rate of serious rash was 0.08% (1 of 1,233) of adult patientswho received LAMICTAL as initial monotherapy and 0.13% (2 of 1,538) of adult patients who received LAMICTAL as adjunctivetherapy [seeWARNINGS AND PRECAUTIONS].

Other reactions that occurred in 5% or more patients but equally or more frequently in the placebo group included: dizziness,mania, headache, infection,influenza, pain, accidental injury, diarrhea, and dyspepsia.

Adverse reactions that occurred with a frequency of <5% and >1% of patients receiving LAMICTAL and numerically morefrequent than placebo were:

General:Fever, neck pain.

Cardiovascular:Migraine.

Digestive:Flatulence.

Metabolic and Nutritional:Weight gain, edema.

Musculoskeletal:Arthralgia,myalgia.

Nervous System:Amnesia, depression, agitation, emotional lability, dyspraxia, abnormal thoughts, dream abnormality,hypoesthesia.

Respiratory:Sinusitis.

Urogenital:Urinary frequency.

Adverse Reactions following Abrupt Discontinuation

In the 2 controlled clinical trials, there was no increase in the incidence,severity, or type of adverse reactions in patients with bipolar disorder after abruptly terminating therapy with LAMICTAL. In theclinical development program in adults with bipolar disorder, 2 patients experienced seizures shortly after abrupt withdrawal ofLAMICTAL [seeWARNINGS AND PRECAUTIONS].

Mania/Hypomania/Mixed Episodes

During the double-blind, placebo-controlled clinical trials inbipolar I disorderin which adultswere converted to monotherapy with LAMICTAL (100 to 400 mg/day) from other psychotropic medications and followed for up to18 months, the rates ofmanicor hypomanic or mixed mood episodes reported as adverse reactions were 5% for patients treatedwith LAMICTAL (n = 227), 4% for patients treated withlithium(n = 166), and 7% for patients treated with placebo (n = 190). Inall bipolar controlled trials combined, adverse reactions of mania (including hypomania and mixed mood episodes) were reportedin 5% of patients treated with LAMICTAL (n = 956), 3% of patients treated with lithium (n = 280), and 4% of patients treated withplacebo (n = 803).

Other Adverse Reactions Observed In All Clinical Trials

LAMICTAL has been administered to 6,694 individuals for whom complete adverse reaction data was captured during all clinicaltrials, only some of which were placebo controlled. During these trials, all adverse reactions were recorded by the clinicalinvestigators using terminology of their own choosing. To provide a meaningful estimate of the proportion of individuals havingadverse reactions, similar types of adverse reactions were grouped into a smaller number of standardized categories using modifiedCOSTART dictionary terminology. The frequencies presented represent the proportion of the 6,694 individuals exposed toLAMICTAL who experienced an event of the type cited on at least 1 occasion while receiving LAMICTAL. All reported adversereactions are included except those already listed in the previous tables or elsewhere in the labeling, those too general to beinformative, and those not reasonably associated with the use of the drug.

Adverse reactions are further classified within body system categories and enumerated in order of decreasing frequency using thefollowing definitions: frequent adverse reactions are defined as those occurring in at least 1/100 patients; infrequent adverse reactions are those occurring in 1/100 to 1/1,000 patients; rare adverse reactions are those occurring in fewer than 1/1,000 patients.

Body As A Whole

Infrequent:一个llergic reaction, chills,malaise.

Cardiovascular System

Infrequent: Flushing,hot flashes,hypertension,palpitations,postural hypotension,syncope,tachycardia,vasodilation.

Dermatological

Infrequent:一个cne,alopecia,hirsutism, maculopapular rash, skin discoloration,urticaria.

Rare:Angioedema,erythema, exfoliativedermatitis, fungal dermatitis,herpes zoster, leukoderma, multiforme erythema, petechialrash, pustular rash,Stevens-Johnson syndrome, vesiculobullous rash.

Digestive System

Infrequent:Dysphagia,eructation,gastritis,gingivitis, increased appetite, increased salivation, liver function tests abnormal, mouthulceration.

Rare:Gastrointestinalhemorrhage,glossitis, gum hemorrhage, gumhyperplasia, hematemesis,hemorrhagiccolitis,hepatitis,melena, stomach ulcer, stomatitis, tongue edema.

Endocrine System

Rare:Goiter,hypothyroidism.

Hematologic and Lymphatic System

Infrequent:Ecchymosis,leukopenia.

Rare:Anemia,eosinophilia, fibrin decrease, fibrinogen decrease,iron deficiency anemia,leukocytosis, lymphocytosis, macrocyticanemia, petechia,thrombocytopenia.

Metabolic And Nutritional Disorders

Infrequent:一个spartate transaminase increased.

Rare:一个lcohol intolerance, alkaline phosphatase increase,alaninetransaminase increase, bilirubinemia, general edema, gammaglutamyl transpeptidase increase,hyperglycemia.

Musculoskeletal System

Infrequent:Arthritis, leg cramps, myasthenia,twitching.

Rare:Bursitis, muscleatrophy, pathologicalfracture, tendinous contracture.

Nervous System

Frequent: Confusion,paresthesia.

Infrequent:Akathisia, apathy, aphasia,central nervous systemdepression, depersonalization,dysarthria,dyskinesia,euphoria、幻觉、敌意、运动机能亢进hypertonia, libido decreased, memory decrease, mind racing, movement disorder,myoclonus, panic attack, paranoid reaction,personality disorder,psychosis, sleep disorder, stupor, suicidal ideation.

Rare: Choreoathetosis,delirium, delusions,dysphoria,dystonia, extrapyramidal syndrome, faintness,grand malconvulsions,hemiplegia, hyperalgesia, hyperesthesia, hypokinesia, hypotonia, manic depression reaction,muscle spasm,neuralgia,neurosis,paralysis, peripheral neuritis.

Respiratory System

Infrequent:Yawn.

Rare: Hiccup, hyperventilation.

Special Senses

Frequent:Amblyopia.

Infrequent:一个bnormality ofaccommodation,conjunctivitis, dry eyes, ear pain, photophobia, taste perversion,tinnitus.

Rare:Deafness,lacrimationdisorder, oscillopsia, parosmia,ptosis, strabismus, taste loss, uveitis,visual fielddefect.

Urogenital System

Infrequent:一个bnormalejaculation,hematuria,impotence,menorrhagia,polyuria,urinary incontinence.

Rare:一个cute kidney failure, anorgasmia, breastabscess, breastneoplasm, creatinine increase,cystitis,dysuria,epididymitis, femalelactation, kidney failure, kidney pain,nocturia, urinary retention,urinary urgency.

Postmarketing Experience

The following adverse reactions have been identified during postapproval use of LAMICTAL. Because these reactions are reportedvoluntarily from a population of uncertain size, it is not always possible to reliably estimate their frequency or establish a causalrelationship to drug exposure.

Blood And Lymphatic

Agranulocytosis,hemolytic anemia, lymphadenopathy not associated with hypersensitivity disorder.

Gastrointestinal

Esophagitis.

Hepatobiliary Tract And Pancreas

Pancreatitis.

Immunologic

Hypogammaglobulinemia,lupus-like reaction,vasculitis.

Lower Respiratory

Apnea.

Musculoskeletal

Rhabdomyolysishas been observed in patients experiencing hypersensitivity reactions.

Nervous System

Aggression, exacerbation of Parkinsonian symptoms in patients with pre-existing Parkinson's disease, tics.

Non-site Specific

Progressiveimmunosuppression.

Renal And Urinary Disorders

Tubulointerstitialnephritis(has been reported alone and in association with uveitis).

DRUG INTERACTIONS

Significant drug interactions with LAMICTAL are summarized in this section.

Uridine 5'-diphospho-glucuronyl transferases (UGT) have been identified as the enzymes responsible formetabolismoflamotrigine. Drugs that induce or inhibit glucuronidation may, therefore, affect the apparent clearance of lamotrigine. Strong ormoderate inducers of the cytochrome P450 3A4 (CYP3A4) enzyme, which are also known to induce UGT, may also enhance themetabolism of lamotrigine.

Those drugs that have been demonstrated to have a clinically significant impact on lamotrigine metabolism are outlined in Table13. Specific dosing guidance for these drugs is provided in the Dosage and Administration section [seeDOSAGE AND ADMINISTRATION].

Additional details of these drug interaction studies are provided in the Clinical Pharmacology section [seeCLINICAL PHARMACOLOGY].

Table 13: Established and Other Potentially Significant Drug Interactions

Concomitant Drug	Effect on Concentration of Lamotrigine or Concomitant Drug	Clinical Comment
Estrogen-containing oral contraceptive preparations containing 30 meg ethinylestradiol and 150 meglevonorgestrel	↓ lamotrigine	Decreased lamotrigine concentrations approximately 50%.
	↓levonorgestrel	Decrease in levonorgestrel component by 19%.
Carbamazepine and carbamazepine epoxide	↓ lamotrigine ? carbamazepine epoxide	Addition of carbamazepine decreases lamotrigine concentration approximately 40%. May increase carbamazepine epoxide levels.
Lopinavir/ritonavir	↓ lamotrigine	Decreased lamotrigine concentration approximately 50%.
Atazanavir/ritonavir	↓lamotrigine	Decreased lamotrigine AUC approximately 32%.
Phenobarbital/primidone	↓lamotrigine	Decreased lamotrigine concentration approximately 40%.
Phenytoin	↓lamotrigine	Decreased lamotrigine concentration approximately 40%.
Rifampin	↓ lamotrigine	Decreased lamotrigine AUC approximately 40%.
Valproate	↓ lamotrigine ? valproate	Increased lamotrigine concentrations slightly more than 2-fold. There are conflicting study results regarding effect of lamotrigine on valproate concentrations: 1) a mean 25% decrease in valproate concentrations in healthy volunteers, 2) no change in valproate concentrations in controlled clinical trials in patients with epilepsy.
↓ = Decreased (induces lamotrigine glucuronidation). ↑ = Increased (inhibits lamotrigine glucuronidation). ? = Conflicting data.

Effect Of LAMICTAL On Organic Cationic Transporter 2 Substrates

Lamotrigine is an inhibitor of renal tubular secretion via organic cationic transporter 2 (OCT2) proteins [seeCLINICAL PHARMACOLOGY]. This may result in increased plasma levels of certain drugs that are substantially excreted via this route.Coadministration of LAMICTAL with OCT2 substrates with a narrow therapeutic index (e.g., dofetilide) is not recommended.

WARNINGS

Included as part of the"PRECAUTIONS"Section

PRECAUTIONS

Serious Skin Rashes [seeBOX WARNING]

Pediatric Population

The incidence of serious rash associated with hospitalization and discontinuation of LAMICTAL in a prospectively followed cohort of pediatric patients (aged 2 to 17 years) is approximately 0.3% to 0.8%. One rash-related death was reported in a prospectively followed cohort of 1,983 pediatric patients (aged 2 to 16 years) with epilepsy taking LAMICTAL as adjunctive therapy. Additionally, there have been rare cases oftoxic epidermal necrolysiswith and without permanentsequelaeand/or death in U.S. and foreign postmarketing experience.

There is evidence that the inclusion of valproate in a multidrug regimen increases the risk of serious, potentially life-threatening rash in pediatric patients. In pediatric patients who used valproate concomitantly for epilepsy, 1.2% (6 of 482) experienced a serious rash compared with 0.6% (6 of 952) patients not taking valproate.

Adult Population

严重的皮疹与住院和discontinuation of LAMICTAL occurred in 0.3% (11 of 3,348) of adult patients who received LAMICTAL in premarketing clinical trials of epilepsy. In the bipolar and other mood disorders clinical trials, the rate of serious rash was 0.08% (1 of 1,233) of adult patients who received LAMICTAL as initial monotherapy and 0.13% (2 of 1,538) of adult patients who received LAMICTAL as adjunctive therapy. No fatalities occurred among these individuals. However, in worldwide postmarketing experience, rare cases of rash-related death have been reported, but their numbers are too few to permit a precise estimate of the rate.

Among the rashes leading to hospitalization were Stevens-Johnson syndrome, toxicepidermalnecrolysis, angioedema, and those associated with multiorgan hypersensitivity [seeMultiorgan Hypersensitivity Reactions And Organ Failure].

There is evidence that the inclusion of valproate in a multidrug regimen increases the risk of serious, potentially life-threatening rash in adults. Specifically, of 584 patients administered LAMICTAL with valproate in epilepsy clinical trials, 6 (1%) were hospitalized in association with rash; in contrast, 4 (0.16%) of 2,398 clinical trial patients and volunteers administered LAMICTAL in the absence of valproate were hospitalized.

Patients With History Of Allergy Or Rash To Other Antiepileptic Drugs

The risk of nonserious rash may be increased when the recommended initial dose and/or the rate of dose escalation for LAMICTAL is exceeded and in patients with a history ofallergyor rash to other AEDs.

Hemophagocytic Lymphohistiocytosis

Hemophagocytic lymphohistiocytosis (HLH) has occurred in pediatric and adult patients taking LAMICTAL for various indications. HLH is a life-threatening syndrome ofpathologicimmune activation characterized by clinical signs and symptoms of extreme systemic inflammation. It is associated with high mortality rates if not recognized early and treated. Common findings include fever,hepatosplenomegaly, rash, lymphadenopathy, neurologic symptoms, cytopenias, high serum ferritin, hypertriglyceridemia, and liver function andcoagulationabnormalities. In cases of HLH reported with LAMICTAL, patients have presented with signs of systemic inflammation (fever, rash, hepatosplenomegaly, and organ system dysfunction) and blood dyscrasias. Symptoms have been reported to occur within 8 to 24 days following the initiation of treatment. Patients who develop early manifestations of pathologic immune activation should be evaluated immediately, and a diagnosis of HLH should be considered. LAMICTAL should be discontinued if an alternativeetiologyfor the signs or symptoms cannot be established.

Multiorgan Hypersensitivity Reactions And Organ Failure

Multiorgan过敏反应,也称as drug reaction with eosinophilia and systemic symptoms (DRESS), have occurred with LAMICTAL. Some have been fatal or life threatening. DRESS typically, although not exclusively, presents with fever, rash, and/or lymphadenopathy in association with other organ system involvement, such as hepatitis, nephritis, hematologic abnormalities,myocarditis, or myositis, sometimes resembling an acuteviral infection. Eosinophilia is often present. This disorder is variable in its expression, and other organ systems not noted here may be involved.

Fatalities associated with acute multiorgan failure and various degrees of hepatic failure have been reported in 2 of 3,796 adult patients and 4 of 2,435 pediatric patients who received LAMICTAL in epilepsy clinical trials. Rare fatalities from multiorgan failure have also been reported in postmarketing use.

Isolatedliver failurewithout rash or involvement of other organs has also been reported with LAMICTAL.

It is important to note that early manifestations of hypersensitivity (e.g., fever, lymphadenopathy) may be present even though a rash is not evident. If such signs or symptoms are present, the patient should be evaluated immediately. LAMICTAL should be discontinued if an alternative etiology for the signs or symptoms cannot be established.

Prior to initiation of treatment with LAMICTAL, the patient should be instructed that a rash or other signs or symptoms of hypersensitivity (e.g., fever, lymphadenopathy) may herald a serious medical event and that the patient should report any such occurrence to a healthcare provider immediately.

Cardiac Rhythm And Conduction Abnormalities

In vitrotesting showed that LAMICTAL exhibits Class IB antiarrhythmic activity at therapeutically relevant concentrations [seeCLINICAL PHARMACOLOGY]. Based on thesein vitrofindings, LAMICTAL could slowventricularconduction (widen QRS) and induce proarrhythmia, which can lead to sudden death, in patients with clinically important structural or functionalheart disease(i.e., patients withheart failure, valvular heart disease,congenitalheart disease, conduction system disease,室性心律失常, cardiac channelopathies [e.g., Brugada syndrome], clinically important ischemic heart disease, or multiple risk factors forcoronary artery disease)。利的任何预期或观察到的好处an individual patient with clinically important structural or functional heart disease must be carefully weighed against the risks for serious arrythmias and/or death for that patient. Concomitant use of other sodium channel blockers may further increase the risk of proarrhythmia.

Blood Dyscrasias

There have been reports of blood dyscrasias that may or may not be associated with multiorgan hypersensitivity (also known as DRESS) [seeMultiorgan Hypersensitivity Reactions And Organ Failure]. These have includedneutropenia, leukopenia, anemia, thrombocytopenia,pancytopenia, and, rarely,aplastic anemiaand pure red cell aplasia.

Suicidal Behavior And Ideation

AEDs, including LAMICTAL, increase the risk of suicidal thoughts or behavior in patients taking these drugs for any indication. Patients treated with any AED for any indication should be monitored for the emergence or worsening of depression, suicidal thoughts or behavior, and/or any unusual changes in mood or behavior.

Pooled analyses of 199 placebo-controlled clinical trials (monotherapy and adjunctive therapy) of 11 different AEDs showed that patients randomized to 1 of the AEDs had approximately twice the risk (adjusted Relative Risk 1.8, 95% CI: 1.2, 2.7) of suicidal thinking or behavior compared with patients randomized to placebo. In these trials, which had a median treatment duration of 12 weeks, the estimated incidence of suicidal behavior or ideation among 27,863 AED-treated patients was 0.43%, compared with 0.24% among 16,029 placebo-treated patients, representing an increase of approximately 1 case of suicidal thinking or behavior for every 530 patients treated. There were 4 suicides in drug-treated patients in the trials and none in placebo-treated patients, but the number of events is too small to allow any conclusion about drug effect on suicide.

自杀的念头或性能的风险增加r with AEDs was observed as early as 1 week after starting treatment with AEDs and persisted for the duration of treatment assessed. Because most trials included in the analysis did not extend beyond 24 weeks, the risk of suicidal thoughts or behavior beyond 24 weeks could not be assessed.

The risk of suicidal thoughts or behavior was generally consistent among drugs in the data analyzed. The finding of increased risk with AEDs of varying mechanism of action and across a range of indications suggests that the risk applies to all AEDs used for any indication. The risk did not vary substantially by age (5 to 100 years) in the clinical trials analyzed.

Table 7 shows absolute and relative risk by indication for all evaluated AEDs.

Table 7. Risk by Indication for Antiepileptic Drugs in the Pooled Analysis

Indication	Placebo Patients with Events per 1,000 Patients	Drug Patients with Events per 1,000 Patients	Relative Risk: Incidence of Events in Drug Patients/ Incidence in Placebo Patients	Risk Difference: Additional Drug Patients with Events per 1,000 Patients
Epilepsy	1.0	3.4	3.5	2.4
Psychiatric	5.7	8.5	1.5	2.9
Other	1.0	1.8	1.9	0.9
Total	2.4	4.3	1.8	1.9

The relative risk for suicidal thoughts or behavior was higher in clinical trials for epilepsy than in clinical trials for psychiatric or other conditions, but the absolute risk differences were similar for the epilepsy and psychiatric indications.

Anyone considering prescribing LAMICTAL or any other AED must balance the risk of suicidal thoughts or behavior with the risk of untreated illness. Epilepsy and many other illnesses for which AEDs are prescribed are themselves associated with morbidity and mortality and an increased risk of suicidal thoughts and behavior. Should suicidal thoughts and behavior emerge during treatment, the prescriber needs to consider whether the emergence of these symptoms in any given patient may be related to the illness being treated.

Patients, their caregivers, and families should be informed that AEDs increase the risk of suicidal thoughts and behavior and should be advised of the need to be alert for the emergence or worsening of the signs and symptoms of depression, any unusual changes in mood or behavior, the emergence of suicidal thoughts or suicidal behavior, or thoughts about self-harm. Behaviors of concern should be reported immediately to healthcare providers.

Aseptic Meningitis

Therapy with LAMICTAL increases the risk of developing aseptic meningitis. Because of the potential for serious outcomes of untreated meningitis due to other causes, patients should also be evaluated for other causes of meningitis and treated as appropriate.

Postmarketing cases of aseptic meningitis have been reported in pediatric and adult patients taking LAMICTAL for various indications. Symptoms upon presentation have included headache, fever, nausea, vomiting, andnuchalrigidity. Rash, photophobia, myalgia, chills, altered consciousness, and somnolence were also noted in some cases. Symptoms have been reported to occur within 1 day to one and a half months following the initiation of treatment. In most cases, symptoms were reported to resolve after discontinuation of LAMICTAL. Re-exposure resulted in a rapid return of symptoms (from within 30 minutes to 1 day following re-initiation of treatment) that were frequently more severe. Some of the patients treated with LAMICTAL who developed aseptic meningitis had underlying diagnoses ofsystemic lupus erythematosusor otherautoimmunediseases.

Cerebrospinal fluid(CSF) analyzed at the time of clinical presentation in reported cases was characterized by a mild to moderate pleocytosis, normal glucose levels, and mild to moderate increase in protein. CSFwhite blood cell countdifferentials showed a predominance of neutrophils in a majority of the cases, although a predominance of lymphocytes was reported in approximately one third of the cases. Some patients also had new onset of signs and symptoms of involvement of other organs (predominantly hepatic and renal involvement), which may suggest that in these cases the aseptic meningitis observed was part of a hypersensitivity reaction [seeMultiorgan Hypersensitivity Reactions And Organ Failure].

Potential Medication Errors

Medication errors involving LAMICTAL have occurred. In particular, the names LAMICTAL or lamotrigine can be confused with the names of other commonly used medications. Medication errors may also occur between the different formulations of LAMICTAL. To reduce the potential of medication errors, write and say LAMICTAL clearly. Depictions of the LAMICTAL tablets, tablets for oral suspension, and orally disintegrating tablets can be found in the Medication Guide that accompanies the product to highlight the distinctive markings, colors, and shapes that serve to identify the different presentations of the drug and thus may help reduce the risk of medication errors. To avoid the medication error of using the wrong drug or formulation, patients should be strongly advised to visually inspect their tablets to verify that they are LAMICTAL, as well as the correct formulation of LAMICTAL, each time they fill their prescription.

Concomitant Use With Oral Contraceptives

Some estrogen-containing oral contraceptives have been shown to decrease serum concentrations of lamotrigine [seeCLINICAL PHARMACOLOGY]. Dosage adjustments will be necessary in most patients who start or stop estrogen-containing oral contraceptives while taking LAMICTAL [seeDOSAGE AND ADMINISTRATION]. During the week of inactive hormone preparation (pill-free week) of oral contraceptive therapy, plasma lamotrigine levels are expected to rise, as much as doubling at the end of the week. Adverse reactions consistent with elevated levels of lamotrigine, such as dizziness, ataxia, and diplopia, could occur.

Withdrawal Seizures

As with other AEDs, LAMICTAL should not be abruptly discontinued. In patients with epilepsy there is a possibility of increasing seizure frequency. In clinical trials in adults with bipolar disorder, 2 patients experienced seizures shortly after abrupt withdrawal of LAMICTAL. Unless safety concerns require a more rapid withdrawal, the dose of LAMICTAL should be tapered over a period of at least 2 weeks (approximately 50% reduction per week) [seeDOSAGE AND ADMINISTRATION].

Status Epilepticus

Valid estimates of the incidence of treatment-emergent status epilepticus among patients treated with LAMICTAL are difficult to obtain because reporters participating in clinical trials did not all employ identical rules for identifying cases. At a minimum, 7 of 2,343 adult patients had episodes that could unequivocally be described as status epilepticus. In addition, a number of reports of variably defined episodes of seizure exacerbation (e.g., seizure clusters, seizure flurries) were made.

Sudden Unexplained Death Iin Epilepsy (SUDEP)

During the premarketing development of LAMICTAL, 20 sudden and unexplained deaths were recorded among a cohort of 4,700 patients with epilepsy (5,747 patient-years of exposure).

Some of these could represent seizure-related deaths in which the seizure was not observed, e.g., at night. This represents an incidence of 0.0035 deaths per patient-year. Although this rate exceeds that expected in a healthy population matched for age and sex, it is within the range of estimates for the incidence of sudden unexplained death in epilepsy (SUDEP) in patients not receiving LAMICTAL (ranging from 0.0005 for the general population of patients with epilepsy, to 0.004 for a recently studied clinical trial population similar to that in the clinical development program for LAMICTAL, to 0.005 for patients withrefractoryepilepsy). Consequently, whether these figures are reassuring or suggest concern depends on the comparability of the populations reported upon with the cohort receiving LAMICTAL and the accuracy of the estimates provided. Probably most reassuring is the similarity of estimated SUDEP rates in patients receiving LAMICTAL and those receiving other AEDs, chemically unrelated to each other, that underwent clinical testing in similar populations. This evidence suggests, although it certainly does not prove, that the high SUDEP rates reflect population rates, not a drug effect.

Addition Of LAMICTAL To A Multidrug Regimen That Includes Valproate

Because valproate reduces the clearance of lamotrigine, the dosage of LAMICTAL in the presence of valproate is less than half of that required in its absence [seeDOSAGE AND ADMINISTRATION,DRUG INTERACTIONS].

Binding In The Eye And Other Melanin-Containing Tissues

Because lamotrigine binds tomelanin,它可以积累在melanin-rich组织time. This raises the possibility that lamotrigine may cause toxicity in these tissues after extended use. Although ophthalmological testing was performed in 1 controlled clinical trial, the testing was inadequate to exclude subtle effects or injury occurring after long-term exposure. Moreover, the capacity of available tests to detect potentially adverse consequences, if any, of lamotrigine’s binding to melanin is unknown [seeCLINICAL PHARMACOLOGY].

Accordingly, although there are no specific recommendations for periodic ophthalmological monitoring, prescribers should be aware of the possibility of long-term ophthalmologic effects.

Laboratory Tests

False-Positive Drug Test Results

Lamotrigine has been reported to interfere with the assay used in some rapid urine drug screens, which can result in false-positive readings, particularly for phencyclidine (PCP)。A more specific analytical method should be used to confirm a positive result.

Plasma Concentrations Of Lamotrigine

The value of monitoring plasma concentrations of lamotrigine in patients treated with LAMICTAL has not been established. Because of the possible pharmacokinetic interactions between lamotrigine and other drugs, including AEDs (see Table 13), monitoring of the plasma levels of lamotrigine and concomitant drugs may be indicated, particularly during dosage adjustments. In general, clinical judgment should be exercised regarding monitoring of plasma levels of lamotrigine and other drugs and whether or not dosage adjustments are necessary.

Patient Counseling Information

Advise the patient to read the FDA-approved patient labeling (Medication Guide)。

Rash

拉莫三嗪治疗开始之前form patients that a rash or other signs or symptoms of hypersensitivity (e.g., fever, lymphadenopathy) may herald a serious medical event and instruct them to report any such occurrence to their healthcare providers immediately.

Hemophagocytic Lymphohistiocytosis

拉莫三嗪治疗开始之前form patients that excessive immune activation may occur with LAMICTAL and that they should report signs or symptoms such as fever, rash, or lymphadenopathy to a healthcare provider immediately.

Multiorgan Hypersensitivity Reactions, Blood Dyscrasias, And Organ Failure

通知patients that multiorgan hypersensitivity reactions and acute multiorgan failure may occur with LAMICTAL. Isolated organ failure or isolated blood dyscrasias without evidence of multiorgan hypersensitivity may also occur. Instruct patients to contact their healthcare providers immediately if they experience any signs or symptoms of these conditions [seeWARNINGS AND PRECAUTIONS].

Cardiac Rhythm And Conduction Abnormalities

通知patients that, due to its mechanism of action, LAMICTAL could lead to irregular or slowed heart rhythm. This risk is increased in patients with underlying cardiac disease or heart conduction problems or who are taking other medications that affect heart conduction. Patients should be made aware of and report cardiac signs or symptoms to their healthcare provider right away. Patients who develop syncope should lie down with raised legs and contact their healthcare provider [seeWARNINGS AND PRECAUTIONS].

Suicidal Thinking And Behavior

通知patients, their caregivers, and families that AEDs, including LAMICTAL, may increase the risk of suicidal thoughts and behavior. Instruct them to be alert for the emergence or worsening of symptoms of depression, any unusual changes in mood or behavior, or the emergence of suicidal thoughts or behavior or thoughts about self-harm. Instruct them to immediately report behaviors of concern to their healthcare providers.

Worsening Of Seizures

Instruct patients to notify their healthcare providers if worsening of seizure control occurs. Central Nervous System Adverse Effects Inform patients that LAMICTAL may cause dizziness, somnolence, and other symptoms and signs of central nervous system depression. Accordingly, instruct them neither to drive a car nor to operate other complex machinery until they have gained sufficient experience on LAMICTAL to gauge whether or not it adversely affects their mental and/or motor performance.

Pregnancy And Nursing

Instruct patients to notify their healthcare providers if they become pregnant or intend to become pregnant during therapy and if they intend to breastfeed or are breastfeeding an infant.

Encourage patients to enroll in the NAAED Pregnancy Registry if they become pregnant. This registry is collecting information about the safety of antiepileptic drugs during pregnancy. To enroll, patients can call the toll-free number 1-888-233-2334 [seeUse In Specific Populations].

通知patients who intend to breastfeed that LAMICTAL is present in breast milk and advise them to monitor their child for potential adverse effects of this drug. Discuss the benefits and risks of continuing breastfeeding.

Oral Contraceptive Use

Instruct women to notify their healthcare providers if they plan to start or stop use of oral contraceptives or other female hormonal preparations. Starting estrogen-containing oral contraceptives may significantly decrease lamotrigine plasma levels and stopping estrogen-containing oral contraceptives (including the pill-free week) may significantly increase lamotrigine plasma levels [seeWARNINGS AND PRECAUTIONS,CLINICAL PHARMACOLOGY]. Also instruct women to promptly notify their healthcare providers if they experience adverse reactions or changes in menstrual pattern (e.g., break-through bleeding) while receiving LAMICTAL in combination with these medications.

Discontinuing LAMICTAL

Instruct patients to notify their healthcare providers if they stop taking LAMICTAL for any reason and not to resume LAMICTAL without consulting their healthcare providers.

Aseptic Meningitis

通知patients that LAMICTAL may cause aseptic meningitis. Instruct them to notify their healthcare providers immediately if they develop signs and symptoms of meningitis such as headache, fever, nausea, vomiting, stiff neck, rash, abnormal sensitivity to light, myalgia, chills, confusion, or drowsiness while taking LAMICTAL.

Potential Medication Errors

To avoid a medication error of using the wrong drug or formulation, strongly advise patients to visually inspect their tablets to verify that they are LAMICTAL, as well as the correct formulation of LAMICTAL, each time they fill their prescription [seeDosage Forms And Strengths,HOW SUPPLIED]. Refer the patient to the Medication Guide that provides depictions of the LAMICTAL tablets, tablets for oral suspension, and orally disintegrating tablets.

LAMICTAL and LAMICTAL ODT are trademarks owned by or licensed to the GSK group of companies. The other brands listed are trademarks owned by or licensed to their respective owners and are not owned by or licensed to the GSK group of companies. The makers of these brands are not affiliated with and do not endorse the GSK group of companies or its products.

Nonclinical Toxicology

Carcinogenesis, Mutagenesis, Impairment Of Fertility

No evidence of carcinogenicity was seen in mice or rats following oral administration of lamotrigine for up to 2 years at doses up to 30 mg/kg/day and 10 to 15 mg/kg/day, respectively. The highest doses tested are less than the human dose of 400 mg/day on a body surface area (mg/m²) basis.

Lamotrigine was negative inin vitrogene mutation (Ames and mouselymphomatk) assays and in clastogenicity (in vitrohumanlymphocyteandin vivoratbone marrow) assays.

发现没有证据表明生育能力受损rats given oral doses of lamotrigine up to 20 mg/kg/day. The highest dose tested is less than the human dose of 400 mg/day on a mg/m²basis.

Use In Specific Populations

Pregnancy

Pregnancy Exposure Registry

There is a pregnancy exposure registry that monitors pregnancy outcomes in women exposed to AEDs, including LAMICTAL, during pregnancy. Encourage women who are taking LAMICTAL during pregnancy to enroll in the North American Antiepileptic Drug (NAAED) Pregnancy Registry by calling 1-888-233-2334 or visiting http://www.aedpregnancyregistry.org/.

Risk Summary

数据从几个潜在孕期暴露registries and epidemiological studies of pregnant women have not detected an increased frequency of major congenital malformations or a consistent pattern of malformations among women exposed to lamotrigine compared with the general population (seeData)。The majority of LAMICTAL pregnancy exposure data are from women with epilepsy. In animal studies, administration of lamotrigine during pregnancy resulted in developmental toxicity (increased mortality, decreased body weight, increased structural variation, neurobehavioral abnormalities) at doses lower than those administered clinically.

拉莫三嗪降低胎儿叶酸浓度in rats, an effect known to be associated with adverse pregnancy outcomes in animals and humans (seeData)。

The estimated background risk of major birth defects and miscarriage for the indicated population is unknown. In the U.S. general population, the estimated background risk of major birth defects and miscarriage in clinically recognized pregnancies is 2% to 4% and 15% to 20%, respectively.

Clinical Considerations

As with other AEDs, physiological changes during pregnancy may affect lamotrigine concentrations and/or therapeutic effect. There have been reports of decreased lamotrigine concentrations during pregnancy and restoration of pre-pregnancy concentrations after delivery. Dose adjustments may be necessary to maintain clinical response.

Data

Human Data

Data from several international pregnancy registries have not shown an increased risk for malformations overall. The International Lamotrigine Pregnancy Registry reported major congenital malformations in 2.2% (95% CI: 1.6%, 3.1%) of 1,558 infants exposed to lamotrigine monotherapy in the first trimester of pregnancy. The NAAED Pregnancy Registry reported major congenital malformations among 2.0% of 1,562 infants exposed to lamotrigine monotherapy in the first trimester. EURAP, a large international pregnancy registry focused outside of North America, reported major birth defects in 2.9% (95% CI: 2.3%, 3.7%) of 2,514 exposures to lamotrigine monotherapy in the first trimester. The frequency of major congenital malformations was similar to estimates from the general population.

The NAAED Pregnancy Registry observed an increased risk of isolated oral clefts: among 2,200 infants exposed to lamotrigine early in pregnancy, the risk of oral clefts was 3.2 per 1,000 (95% CI: 1.4, 6.3), a 3-fold increased risk versus unexposed healthy controls. This finding has not been observed in other large international pregnancy registries. Furthermore, a case-control study based on 21 congenitalanomalyregistries covering over 10 million births in Europe reported an adjusted odds ratio for isolated oral clefts with lamotrigine exposure of 1.45 (95% CI: 0.8, 2.63).

Several meta-analyses have not reported an increased risk of major congenital malformations following lamotrigine exposure in pregnancy compared with healthy and disease-matched controls. No patterns of specificmalformationtypes were observed.

The same meta-analyses evaluated the risk of additional maternal and infant outcomes including fetal death, stillbirth, preterm birth,small for gestational age, and neurodevelopmental delay. Although there are no data suggesting an increased risk of these outcomes with lamotrigine monotherapy exposure, differences in outcome definition, ascertainment methods, and comparator groups limit the conclusions that can be drawn.

Animal Data

When lamotrigine was administered to pregnant mice, rats, or rabbits during the period of organogenesis (oral doses of up to 125, 25, and 30 mg/kg, respectively), reduced fetal body weight and increased incidences of fetal skeletal variations were seen in mice and rats at doses that were also maternally toxic. The no-effect doses for embryofetal developmental toxicity in mice, rats, and rabbits (75, 6.25, and 30 mg/kg, respectively) are similar to (mice and rabbits) or less than (rats) the human dose of 400 mg/day on a body surface area (mg/m²) basis.

In a study in which pregnant rats were administered lamotrigine (oral doses of 0, 5, or 25 mg/kg) during the period of organogenesis and offspring were evaluated postnatally, neurobehavioral abnormalities were observed in exposed offspring at both doses. The lowest effect dose for developmental neurotoxicity in rats is less than the human dose of 400 mg/day on a mg/m²basis. Maternal toxicity was observed at the higher dose tested.

When pregnant rats were administered lamotrigine (oral doses of 0, 5, 10, or 20 mg/kg) during the latter part of gestation and throughout lactation, increased offspring mortality (including stillbirths) was seen at all doses. The lowest effect dose for pre-and post-natal developmental toxicity in rats is less than the human dose of 400 mg/day on a mg/m²basis. Maternal toxicity was observed at the 2 highest doses tested.

When administered to pregnant rats, lamotrigine decreased fetal folate concentrations at doses greater than or equal to 5 mg/kg/day, which is less than the human dose of 400 mg/day on a mg/m²basis.

Lactation

Risk Summary

Lamotrigine is present in milk from lactating women taking LAMICTAL (seeData)。Neonates and young infants are at risk for high serum levels because maternal serum and milk levels can rise to high levelspostpartumif lamotrigine dosage has been increased during pregnancy but is not reduced after delivery to the pre-pregnancy dosage. Glucuronidation is required for drug clearance. Glucuronidation capacity is immature in the infant and this may also contribute to the level of lamotrigine exposure. Events including rash, apnea, drowsiness, poor sucking, and poor weight gain (requiring hospitalization in some cases) have been reported in infants who have been human milk-fed by mothers using lamotrigine; whether or not these events were caused by lamotrigine is unknown. No data are available on the effects of the drug on milk production.

The developmental and health benefits of breastfeeding should be considered along with the mother’s clinical need for LAMICTAL and any potential adverse effects on the breastfed infant from LAMICTAL or from the underlying maternal condition.

Clinical Considerations

Human milk-fed infants should be closely monitored for adverse events resulting from lamotrigine. Measurement of infant serum levels should be performed to rule out toxicity if concerns arise. Human milk-feeding should be discontinued in infants with lamotrigine toxicity.

Data

Data from multiple small studies indicate that lamotrigine plasma levels in nursing infants have been reported to be as high as 50% of maternal plasma concentrations.

Pediatric Use

Epilepsy

LAMICTAL is indicated as adjunctive therapy in patients aged 2 years and older for partial-onset seizures, the generalized seizures of Lennox-Gastaut syndrome, and PGTC seizures.

Safety and efficacy of LAMICTAL used as adjunctive treatment for partial-onset seizures were not demonstrated in a small, randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled withdrawal trial in very young pediatric patients (aged 1 to 24 months). LAMICTAL was associated with an increased risk for infectious adverse reactions (LAMICTAL 37%, placebo 5%), and respiratory adverse reactions (LAMICTAL 26%, placebo 5%). Infectious adverse reactions included bronchiolitis, bronchitis, ear infection, eye infection, otitis externa, pharyngitis,urinary tract infection, and viral infection. Respiratory adverse reactions includednasalcongestion, cough, and apnea.

Bipolar Disorder

Safety and efficacy of LAMICTAL for the maintenance treatment of bipolar disorder were not established in a double-blind, randomized withdrawal, placebo-controlled trial that evaluated 301 pediatric patients aged 10 to 17 years with a current manic/hypomanic, depressed, or mixed mood episode as defined byDSM-IV-TR. In the randomized phase of the trial, adverse reactions that occurred in at least 5% of patients taking LAMICTAL (n = 87) and were twice as common compared with patients taking placebo (n = 86) were influenza (LAMICTAL 8%, placebo 2%), oropharyngeal pain (LAMICTAL 8%, placebo 2%), vomiting (LAMICTAL 6%, placebo 2%), contact dermatitis (LAMICTAL 5%, placebo 2%), upper abdominal pain (LAMICTAL 5%, placebo 1%), and suicidal ideation (LAMICTAL 5%, placebo 0%).

Juvenile Animal Data

In a juvenile animal study in which lamotrigine (oral doses of 0, 5, 15, or 30 mg/kg) was administered to young rats from postnatal day 7 to 62, decreased viability and growth were seen at the highest dose tested and long-term neurobehavioral abnormalities (decreased locomotor activity, increased reactivity, and learning deficits in animals tested as adults) were observed at the 2 highest doses. The no-effect dose for adverse developmental effects in juvenile animals is less than the human dose of 400 mg/day on a mg/m²basis.

Geriatric Use

Clinical trials of LAMICTAL for epilepsy and bipolar disorder did not include sufficient numbers of patients aged 65 years and older to determine whether they respond differently from younger patients or exhibit a different safety profile than that of younger patients. In general, dose selection for an elderly patient should be cautious, usually starting at the low end of the dosing range, reflecting the greater frequency of decreased hepatic, renal, or cardiac function and of concomitant disease or other drug therapy.

Hepatic Impairment

Experience in patients with hepatic impairment is limited. Based on a clinical pharmacology study in 24 subjects with mild, moderate, and severe liver impairment [seeCLINICAL PHARMACOLOGY], the following general recommendations can be made. No dosage adjustment is needed in patients with mild liver impairment. Initial, escalation, and maintenance doses should generally be reduced by approximately 25% in patients with moderate and severe liver impairment without ascites and 50% in patients with severe liver impairment with ascites. Escalation and maintenance doses may be adjusted according to clinical response [seeDOSAGE AND ADMINISTRATION].

Renal Impairment

Lamotrigine is metabolized mainly by glucuronic acid conjugation, with the majority of the metabolites being recovered in the urine. In a small study comparing a single dose of lamotrigine in subjects with varying degrees of renal impairment with healthy volunteers, the plasma half-life of lamotrigine was approximately twice as long in the subjects withchronic renal failure[seeCLINICAL PHARMACOLOGY].

应该基于patie初始剂量的利nts’ AED regimens; reduced maintenance doses may be effective for patients with significant renal impairment. Few patients with severe renal impairment have been evaluated during chronic treatment with lamotrigine. Because there is inadequate experience in this population, LAMICTAL should be used with caution in these patients [seeDOSAGE AND ADMINISTRATION].

CLINICAL PHARMACOLOGY

Mechanism Of Action

The precise mechanism(s) by which lamotrigine exerts itsanticonvulsantaction are unknown. In animal models designed to detectanticonvulsant activity, lamotrigine was effective in preventing seizure spread in the maximum electroshock (MES) andpentylenetetrazol (scMet) tests, and prevented seizures in the visually and electrically evoked after-discharge(EEAD) tests forantiepileptic activity. Lamotrigine also displayed inhibitory properties in the kindling model in rats both during kindlingdevelopment and in the fully kindled state. The relevance of these models to human epilepsy, however, is not known.

One proposed mechanism of action of lamotrigine, the relevance of which remains to be established in humans, involves an effecton sodium channels. In vitro pharmacological studies suggest that lamotrigine inhibits voltage-sensitive sodium channels, therebystabilizing neuronal membranes and consequently modulating presynaptic transmitter release of excitatoryamino acids(e.g.,glutamate and aspartate).

Effect Of Lamotrigine On N-Methyl d-Aspartate-Receptor–Mediated Activity

拉莫三嗪不抑制N-methyl d-aspartate (NMDA)-induced depolarizations in ratcorticalslices or NMDA-induced cyclicGMP formation in immature rat cerebellum, nor did lamotrigine displace compounds that are either competitive or noncompetitiveligands at this glutamate receptor complex (CNQX, CGS, TCHP). The IC for lamotrigine effects on NMDA-induced currents (inthe presence of 3 μM ofglycine) in cultured hippocampal neurons exceeded 100 μM.

The mechanisms by which lamotrigine exerts its therapeutic action in bipolar disorder have not been established.

Pharmacodynamics

Folate Metabolism

In vitro, lamotrigine inhibited dihydrofolate reductase, the enzyme that catalyzes the reduction of dihydrofolate to tetrahydrofolate.Inhibition of this enzyme may interfere with the biosynthesis of nucleic acids and proteins. When oral daily doses of lamotriginewere given to pregnant rats during organogenesis, fetal, placental, and maternal folate concentrations were reduced. Significantlyreduced concentrations of folate are associated with teratogenesis [seeUse In Specific Populations]. Folate concentrationswere also reduced in male rats given repeated oral doses of lamotrigine. Reduced concentrations were partially returned to normalwhen supplemented with folinic acid.

Cardiac Electrophysiology

Effect Of Lamotrigine

In vitro studies show that lamotrigine exhibits Class IB antiarrhythmic activity at therapeutically relevantconcentrations. It inhibits human cardiac sodium channels with rapid onset and offsetkineticsand strong voltage dependence,consistent with other Class IB antiarrhythmic agents. At therapeutic doses, LAMICTAL did not slow ventricular conduction (widenQRS) in healthy individuals in a thorough QT study; however, in patients with clinically important structural or functional heartdisease (i.e., patients with heart failure, valvular heart disease, congenital heart disease, conduction system disease, ventriculararrhythmias, cardiac channelopathies [e.g., Brugada syndrome], clinically important ischemic heart disease, or multiple risk factorsfor coronary artery disease), LAMICTAL could slow ventricular conduction (widen QRS) and induce proarrhythmia, which canlead to sudden death. Elevated heart rates could also increase the risk of ventricular conduction slowing with LAMICTAL.

Effect Of Lamotrigine Metabolite

In dogs, lamotrigine is extensively metabolized to a 2-N-methyl metabolite. This metabolitecauses dose-dependent prolongation of the PR interval, widening of theQRS complex, and, at higher doses, complete AVconduction block. The in vitro electrophysiological effects of this metabolite have not been studied. Similarcardiovasculareffectsfrom this metabolite are not anticipated in humans because only trace amounts of the 2-N-methyl metabolite (<0.6% of lamotriginedose) have been found in human urine [seeCLINICAL PHARMACOLOGY]. However, it is conceivable that plasma concentrationsof this metabolite could be increased in patients with a reduced capacity to glucuronidate lamotrigine (e.g., in patients with liverdisease, patients taking concomitant medications that inhibit glucuronidation).

Accumulation In Kidneys

Lamotrigine accumulated in the kidney of the male rat, causing chronic progressivenephrosis,necrosis和矿化。Thesefindings是由于to α-2 microglobulin, a species- and sex-specific protein that has not been detected in humans or otheranimal species.

Melanin Binding

Lamotrigine binds to melanin-containing tissues, e.g., in the eye and pigmented skin. It has been found in the uveal tract up to 52weeks after a single dose in rodents.

Pharmacokinetics

The pharmacokinetics of lamotrigine have been studied in subjects with epilepsy, healthy young and elderly volunteers, andvolunteers with chronic renal failure. Lamotrigine pharmacokinetic parameters for adult and pediatric subjects and healthy normalvolunteers are summarized in Tables 14 and 16.

Table 14: Mean Pharmacokinetic Parameters^ain Healthy Volunteers and Adult Subjects with Epilepsy

AdultStudy Population	Number of Subjects	Tmax: Time of Maximum Plasma Concentration(h)	t½: Elimination Half-life (h)	CL/F: Apparent Plasma Clearance (mL/min/kg)
Healthy volunteers taking no other medications:
Single-dose LAMICTAL	179	2.2	32.8	0.44
		(0.25-12.0)	(14.0-103.0)	(0.12-1.10)
Multiple-dose LAMICTAL	36	1.7	25.4	0.58
		(0.5-4.0)	(11.6-61.6)	(0.24-1.15)
Healthy volunteers taking valproate:
Single-dose LAMICTAL	6	1.8	48.3	0.30
		(1.0-4.0)	(31.5-88.6)	(0.14-0.42)
Multiple-dose LAMICTAL	18	1.9	70.3	0.18
		(0.5-3.5)	(41.9-113.5)	(0.12-0.33)
Subjects with epilepsy taking valproate only:
Single-dose LAMICTAL	4	4.8	58.8	0.28
		(1.8-8.4)	(30.5-88.8)	(0.16-0.40)
Subjects with epilepsy taking carbamazepine, phenytoin, phenobarbital, or primidonebplus valproate:
Single-dose LAMICTAL	25	3.8	27.2	0.53
		(1.0-10.0)	(11.2-51.6)	(0.27-1.04)
Subjects with epilepsy taking carbamazepine, phenytoin, phenobarbital, or primidone:b
Single-dose LAMICTAL	24	2.3	14.4	1.10
		(0.5-5.0)	(6.4-30.4)	(0.51-2.22)
Multiple-dose LAMICTAL	17	2.0	12.6	1.21
		(0.75-5.93)	(7.5-23.1)	(0.66-1.82)
aThe majority of parameter means determined in each study had coefficients of variation between 20% and 40% for half-life andCL/F and between 30% and 70% for T. The overall mean values were calculated from individual study means that wereweighted based on the number of volunteers/subjects in each study. The numbers in parentheses below each parameter meanrepresent the range of individual volunteer/subject values across studies. bCarbamazepine, phenytoin, phenobarbital, and primidone have been shown to increase the apparent clearance of lamotrigine.Estrogen-containing oral contraceptives and other drugs, such as rifampin and protease inhibitors lopinavir/ritonavir andatazanavir/ritonavir, that induce lamotrigine glucuronidation have also been shown to increase the apparent clearance oflamotrigine [seeDRUG INTERACTIONS].

Absorption

Lamotrigine is rapidly and completely absorbed after oral administration with negligible first-pass metabolism (absolutebioavailability is 98%). The bioavailability is not affected by food. Peak plasma concentrations occur anywhere from 1.4 to4.8 hours following drug administration. The lamotrigine tablets for oral suspension were found to be equivalent, whetheradministered as dispersed in water, chewed and swallowed, or swallowed whole, to the lamotrigine compressed tablets in terms ofrate and extent of absorption. In terms of rate and extent of absorption, lamotrigine orally disintegrating tablets, whetherdisintegrated in the mouth or swallowed whole with water, were equivalent to the lamotrigine compressed tablets swallowed withwater.

Dose Proportionality

In healthy volunteers not receiving any other medications and given single doses, the plasma concentrations of lamotrigineincreased in direct proportion to the dose administered over the range of 50 to 400 mg. In 2 small studies (n = 7 and 8) of patientswith epilepsy who were maintained on other AEDs, there also was a linear relationship between dose and lamotrigine plasmaconcentrations at steady state following doses of 50 to 350 mg twice daily.

Distribution

Estimates of the mean apparent volume of distribution (Vd/F) of lamotrigine following oral administration ranged from 0.9 to1.3 L/kg. Vd/F is independent of dose and is similar following single and multiple doses in both patients with epilepsy and inhealthy volunteers.

Protein Binding

Data from in vitro studies indicate that lamotrigine is approximately 55% bound to human plasma proteins at plasma lamotrigineconcentrations from 1 to 10 mcg/mL (10 mcg/mL is 4 to 6 times the trough plasma concentration observed in the controlledefficacy trials). Because lamotrigine is not highly bound to plasma proteins, clinically significant interactions with other drugsthrough competition for protein binding sites are unlikely. The binding of lamotrigine to plasma proteins did not change in thepresence of therapeutic concentrations of phenytoin, phenobarbital, or valproate. Lamotrigine did not displace other AEDs(carbamazepine, phenytoin, phenobarbital) from protein-binding sites.

Metabolism

Lamotrigine is metabolized predominantly by glucuronic acid conjugation; the major metabolite is an inactive 2-N-glucuronideconjugate. After oral administration of 240 mg of C-lamotrigine (15 μCi) to 6 healthy volunteers, 94% was recovered in the urineand 2% was recovered in the feces. The radioactivity in the urine consisted of unchanged lamotrigine (10%), the 2-N-glucuronide(76%), a 5-N-glucuronide (10%), a 2-N-methyl metabolite (0.14%), and other unidentified minor metabolites (4%).

Enzyme Induction

The effects of lamotrigine on the induction of specific families of mixed-function oxidase isozymes have not been systematicallyevaluated.

Following multiple administrations (150 mg twice daily) to normal volunteers taking no other medications, lamotrigine induced itsown metabolism, resulting in a 25% decrease in t and a 37% increase in CL/F at steady state compared with values obtained inthe same volunteers following a single dose. Evidence gathered from other sources suggests that self-induction by lamotrigine maynot occur when lamotrigine is given as adjunctive therapy in patients receiving enzyme-inducing drugs such as carbamazepine,phenytoin, phenobarbital, primidone, or other drugs such as rifampin and the protease inhibitors lopinavir/ritonavir andatazanavir/ritonavir that induce lamotrigine glucuronidation [seeDRUG INTERACTIONS].

Elimination

The elimination half-life and apparent clearance of lamotrigine following oral administration of LAMICTAL to adult subjects withepilepsy and healthy volunteers is summarized in Table 14. Half-life and apparent oral clearance vary depending on concomitantAEDs.

Drug Interactions

The apparent clearance of lamotrigine is affected by the coadministration of certain medications [seeWARNINGS AND PRECAUTIONS,DRUG INTERACTIONS].

The net effects of drug interactions with lamotrigine are summarized in Tables 13 and 15, followed by details of the druginteraction studies below.

Table 15: Summary of Drug Interactions with Lamotrigine

Drug	Drug Plasma Concentration with Adjunctive Lamotriginea	Lamotrigine Plasma Concentration with Adjunctive Drugsb
Oral contraceptives (e.g., ethinylestradiol/levonorgestrel)c	↔d	↓
Aripiprazole	Not assessed	↔e
Atazanavir/ritonavir	↔f	↓
Bupropion	Not assessed	↔
Carbamazepine	↔	↓
Carbamazepine epoxideg	?
Felbamate	Not assessed	↔
Gabapentin	Not assessed	↔
Lacosamide	Not assessed	↔
Levetiracetam	↔	↔
Lithium	↔	Not assessed
Lopinavir/ritonavir	↔e	↓
Olanzapine	↔	↓
Oxcarbazepine	↔	↔
10-Monohydroxy oxcarbazepine metaboliteh	↔	↓
Perampanel	Not assessed
Phenobarbital/primidone	↔	↓
Phenytoin	↔	↓
Pregabalin	↔	↔
Rifampin	Not assessed	↓
Risperidone	↔	Not assessed
9-Hydroxy risperidonei	↔
Topiramate	↔j	↔
Valproate	↓	↑
Valproate + phenytoin and/or carbamazepine	Not assessed	↔
Zonisamide	Not assessed	↔
aFrom adjunctive clinical trials and volunteer trials. bNet effects were estimated by comparing the mean clearance values obtained in adjunctive clinical trials and volunteer trials. c其他激素避孕prepara的效果tions or hormone replacement therapy on the pharmacokinetics of lamotriginehas not been systematically evaluated in clinical trials, although the effect may be similar to that seen with theethinylestradiol/levonorgestrel combinations. dModest decrease in levonorgestrel. eSlight decrease, not expected to be clinically meaningful. fCompared with historical controls. gNot administered, but an active metabolite of carbamazepine. hNot administered, but an active metabolite of oxcarbazepine. iNot administered, but an active metabolite of risperidone. jSlight increase, not expected to be clinically meaningful. ↔ = No significant effect. ? = Conflicting data.

Estrogen-Containing Oral Contraceptives

In 16 female volunteers, an oral contraceptive preparation containing 30 mcg ethinylestradiol and 150 mcg levonorgestrel increasedthe apparent clearance of lamotrigine (300 mg/day) by approximately 2-fold with mean decreases in AUC of 52% and in C of39%. In this study, trough serum lamotrigine concentrations gradually increased and were approximately 2-fold higher on averageat the end of the week of the inactive hormone preparation compared with trough lamotrigine concentrations at the end of the activehormone cycle.

Gradual transient increases in lamotrigine plasma levels (approximate 2-fold increase) occurred during the week of inactivehormone preparation (pill-free week) for women not also taking a drug that increased the clearance of lamotrigine (carbamazepine,phenytoin, phenobarbital, primidone, or other drugs such as rifampin and the protease inhibitors lopinavir/ritonavir andatazanavir/ritonavir that induce lamotrigine glucuronidation) [seeDRUG INTERACTIONS]. The increase in lamotrigine plasma levelswill be greater if the dose of LAMICTAL is increased in the few days before or during the pill-free week. Increases in lamotrigineplasma levels could result in dose-dependent adverse reactions.

In the same study, coadministration of lamotrigine (300 mg/day) in 16 female volunteers did not affect the pharmacokinetics of theethinylestradiol component of the oral contraceptive preparation. There were mean decreases in the AUC and Cof thelevonorgestrel component of 19% and 12%, respectively. Measurement of serumprogesteroneindicated that there was nohormonal evidence ofovulationin any of the 16 volunteers, although measurement of serum FSH, LH, and estradiol indicated thatthere was some loss of suppression of the hypothalamic-pituitary-ovarian axis.

The effects of doses of lamotrigine other than 300 mg/day have not been systematically evaluated in controlled clinical trials.

The clinical significance of the observed hormonal changes on ovulatory activity is unknown. However, the possibility ofdecreased contraceptive efficacy in some patients cannot be excluded. Therefore, patients should be instructed to promptly reportchanges in their menstrual pattern (e.g., break-through bleeding).

Dosage adjustments may be necessary for women receiving estrogen-containing oral contraceptive preparations [seeDOSAGE AND ADMINISTRATION].

Other Hormonal Contraceptives Or Hormone Replacement Therapy

其他激素避孕prepara的效果tions or hormone replacement therapy on the pharmacokinetics of lamotriginehas not been systematically evaluated. It has been reported that ethinylestradiol, not progestogens, increased the clearance oflamotrigine up to 2-fold, and the progestin-only pills had no effect on lamotrigine plasma levels. Therefore, adjustments to thedosage of LAMICTAL in the presence of progestogens alone will likely not be needed.

Aripiprazole

在18双相情感障碍患者在一个稳定的regimen of 100 to 400 mg/day of lamotrigine, the lamotrigine AUC and C max were reduced by approximately 10% in patients who received aripiprazole 10 to 30 mg/day for 7 days, followed by 30 mg/day for anadditional 7 days. This reduction in lamotrigine exposure is not considered clinically meaningful.

Atazanavir/Ritonavir

In a study in healthy volunteers, daily doses of atazanavir/ritonavir (300 mg/100 mg) reduced the plasma AUC and C max of lamotrigine (single 100-mg dose) by an average of 32% and 6%, respectively, and shortened the elimination half-lives by 27%. Inthe presence of atazanavir/ritonavir (300 mg/100 mg), the metabolite-to-lamotrigine ratio was increased from 0.45 to 0.71consistent with induction of glucuronidation. The pharmacokinetics of atazanavir/ritonavir were similar in the presence ofconcomitant lamotrigine to the historical data of the pharmacokinetics in the absence of lamotrigine.

Bupropion

The pharmacokinetics of a 100-mg single dose of lamotrigine in healthy volunteers (n = 12) were not changed by coadministrationof bupropion sustained-release formulation (150 mg twice daily) starting 11 days before lamotrigine.

Carbamazepine

Lamotrigine has no appreciable effect on steady-state carbamazepine plasma concentration. Limited clinical data suggest there is ahigher incidence of dizziness, diplopia, ataxia, and blurred vision in patients receiving carbamazepine with lamotrigine than inpatients receiving other AEDs with lamotrigine [seeADVERSE REACTIONS]. The mechanism of this interaction is unclear. Theeffect of lamotrigine on plasma concentrations of carbamazepine-epoxide is unclear. In a small subset of patients (n = 7) studied ina placebo-controlled trial, lamotrigine had no effect on carbamazepine-epoxide plasma concentrations, but in a small, uncontrolledstudy (n = 9), carbamazepine-epoxide levels increased.

The addition of carbamazepine decreases lamotrigine steady-state concentrations by approximately 40%.

Felbamate

In a trial in 21 healthy volunteers, coadministration of felbamate (1,200 mg twice daily) with lamotrigine (100 mg twice daily for10 days) appeared to have no clinically relevant effects on the pharmacokinetics of lamotrigine.

Folate Inhibitors

Lamotrigine is a weak inhibitor of dihydrofolate reductase. Prescribers should be aware of this action when prescribing othermedications that inhibit folate metabolism.

Gabapentin

Based on a retrospective analysis of plasma levels in 34 subjects who received lamotrigine both with and without gabapentin,gabapentin does not appear to change the apparent clearance of lamotrigine.

Lacosamide

Plasma concentrations of lamotrigine were not affected by concomitant lacosamide (200, 400, or 600 mg/day) in placebo-controlled clinical trials in patients with partial-onset seizures.

Levetiracetam

Potential drug interactions between levetiracetam and lamotrigine were assessed by evaluating serum concentrations of both agentsduring placebo-controlled clinical trials. These data indicate that lamotrigine does not influence the pharmacokinetics oflevetiracetam and that levetiracetam does not influence the pharmacokinetics of lamotrigine.

Lithium

The pharmacokinetics of lithium were not altered in healthy subjects (n = 20) by coadministration of lamotrigine (100 mg/day) for6 days.

Lopinavir/Ritonavir

The addition of lopinavir (400 mg twice daily)/ritonavir (100 mg twice daily) decreased the AUC, Cmax, and elimination half-life oflamotrigine by approximately 50% to 55.4% in 18 healthy subjects. The pharmacokinetics of lopinavir/ritonavir were similar with concomitant lamotrigine, compared with that in historical controls.

Olanzapine

The AUC and C max of olanzapine were similar following the addition of olanzapine (15 mg once daily) to lamotrigine (200 mgonce daily) in healthy male volunteers (n = 16) compared with the AUC and C max in healthy male volunteers receiving olanzapinealone (n = 16).

In the same trial, the AUC and C max of lamotrigine were reduced on average by 24% and 20%, respectively, following the addition of olanzapine to lamotrigine in healthy male volunteers compared with those receiving lamotrigine alone. This reduction inlamotrigine plasma concentrations is not expected to be clinically meaningful.

Oxcarbazepine

The AUC and C max of oxcarbazepine and its active 10-monohydroxy oxcarbazepine metabolite were not significantly different following the addition of oxcarbazepine (600 mg twice daily) to lamotrigine (200 mg once daily) in healthy male volunteers(n = 13) compared with healthy male volunteers receiving oxcarbazepine alone (n = 13).

In the same trial, the AUC and C max of lamotrigine were similar following the addition of oxcarbazepine (600 mg twice daily) tolamotrigine in healthy male volunteers compared with those receiving lamotrigine alone. Limited clinical data suggest a higherincidence of headache, dizziness, nausea, and somnolence with coadministration of lamotrigine and oxcarbazepine compared withlamotrigine alone or oxcarbazepine alone.

Perampanel

In a pooled analysis of data from 3 placebo-controlled clinical trials investigating adjunctive perampanel in patients with partial-onset and primary generalized tonic-clonic seizures, the highest perampanel dose evaluated (12 mg/day) increased lamotrigineclearance by <10%. An effect of this magnitude is not considered to be clinically relevant.

Phenobarbital, Primidone

The addition of phenobarbital or primidone decreases lamotrigine steady-state concentrations by approximately 40%.

Phenytoin

Lamotrigine has no appreciable effect on steady-state phenytoin plasma concentrations in patients with epilepsy. The addition ofphenytoin decreases lamotrigine steady-state concentrations by approximately 40%.

Pregabalin

Steady-state trough plasma concentrations of lamotrigine were not affected by concomitant pregabalin (200 mg 3 times daily)administration. There are no pharmacokinetic interactions between lamotrigine and pregabalin.

Rifampin

In 10 male volunteers, rifampin (600 mg/day for 5 days) significantly increased the apparent clearance of a single 25-mg dose oflamotrigine by approximately 2-fold (AUC decreased by approximately 40%).

Risperidone

In a 14 healthy volunteers study, multiple oral doses of lamotrigine 400 mg daily had no clinically significant effect on the single-dose pharmacokinetics of risperidone 2 mg and its active metabolite 9-OH risperidone. Following the coadministration ofrisperidone 2 mg with lamotrigine, 12 of the 14 volunteers reported somnolence compared with 1 out of 20 when risperidone wasgiven alone, and none when lamotrigine was administered alone.

Topiramate

Topiramate resulted in no change in plasma concentrations of lamotrigine. Administration of lamotrigine resulted in a 15% increasein topiramate concentrations.

Valproate

当拉莫三嗪是健康volun管理teers (n = 18) receiving valproate, the trough steady-state valproate plasmaconcentrations decreased by an average of 25% over a 3-week period, and then stabilized. However, adding lamotrigine to theexisting therapy did not cause a change in valproate plasma concentrations in either adult or pediatric patients in controlled clinicaltrials.

The addition of valproate increased lamotrigine steady-state concentrations in normal volunteers by slightly more than 2-fold. In 1trial, maximal inhibition of lamotrigine clearance was reached at valproate doses between 250 and 500 mg/day and did not increaseas the valproate dose was further increased.

Zonisamide

In a study in 18 patients with epilepsy, coadministration of zonisamide (200 to 400 mg/day) with lamotrigine (150 to 500 mg/dayfor 35 days) had no significant effect on the pharmacokinetics of lamotrigine.

Known Inducers Or Inhibitors Of Glucuronidation

Drugs other than those listed above have not been systematically evaluated in combination with lamotrigine. Since lamotrigine ismetabolized predominately by glucuronic acid conjugation, drugs that are known to induce or inhibit glucuronidation may affectthe apparent clearance of lamotrigine and doses of lamotrigine may require adjustment based on clinical response.

Other

In vitro assessment of the inhibitory effect of lamotrigine at OCT2 demonstrate that lamotrigine, but not the N(2)-glucuronidemetabolite, is an inhibitor of OCT2 at potentially clinically relevant concentrations, with IC value of 53.8 μM [seeDRUG INTERACTIONS].

Results of in vitro experiments suggest that clearance of lamotrigine is unlikely to be reduced by concomitant administration ofamitriptyline, clonazepam, clozapine, fluoxetine, haloperidol, lorazepam, phenelzine, sertraline, or trazodone.

Results of in vitro experiments suggest that lamotrigine does not reduce the clearance of drugs eliminated predominantly byCYP2D6.

Specific Populations

Patients With Renal Impairment

Twelve volunteers with chronic renal failure (mean creatinine clearance: 13 mL/min, range: 6 to23) and another 6 individuals undergoinghemodialysiswere each given a single 100-mg dose of lamotrigine. The mean plasmahalf-lives determined in the study were 42.9 hours (chronic renal failure), 13.0 hours (during hemodialysis), and 57.4 hours(between hemodialysis) compared with 26.2 hours in healthy volunteers. On average, approximately 20% (range: 5.6 to 35.1) ofthe amount of lamotrigine present in the body was eliminated by hemodialysis during a 4-hour session [seeDOSAGE AND ADMINISTRATION].

Patients With Hepatic Impairment

The pharmacokinetics of lamotrigine following a single 100-mg dose of lamotrigine wereevaluated in 24 subjects with mild, moderate, and severe hepatic impairment (Child-Pugh classification system) and compared with12 subjects without hepatic impairment. The subjects with severe hepatic impairment were without ascites (n = 2) or with ascites(n = 5). The mean apparent clearances of lamotrigine in subjects with mild (n = 12), moderate (n = 5), severe without ascites(n = 2), and severe with ascites (n = 5) liver impairment were 0.30 ± 0.09, 0.24 ± 0.1, 0.21 ± 0.04, and 0.15 ± 0.09 mL/min/kg,respectively, as compared with 0.37 ± 0.1 mL/min/kg in the healthy controls. Mean half-lives of lamotrigine in subjects with mild,moderate, severe without ascites, and severe with ascites hepatic impairment were 46 ± 20, 72 ± 44, 67 ± 11, and 100 ± 48 hours,respectively, as compared with 33 ± 7 hours in healthy controls [seeDOSAGE AND ADMINISTRATION].

Pediatric Patients

The pharmacokinetics of lamotrigine following a single 2-mg/kg dose were evaluated in 2 studies in pediatricsubjects (n = 29 for subjects aged 10 months to 5.9 years and n = 26 for subjects aged 5 to 11 years). Forty-three subjects receivedconcomitant therapy with other AEDs and 12 subjects received lamotrigine as monotherapy. Lamotrigine pharmacokineticparameters for pediatric patients are summarized in Table 16.

群体药代动力学分析涉及主题ects aged 2 to 18 years demonstrated that lamotrigine clearance was influencedpredominantly by total body weight and concurrent AED therapy. The oral clearance of lamotrigine was higher, on a body weightbasis, in pediatric patients than in adults. Weight-normalized lamotrigine clearance was higher in those subjects weighing <30 kgcompared with those weighing >30 kg. Accordingly, patients weighing <30 kg may need an increase of as much as 50% inmaintenance doses, based on clinical response, as compared with subjects weighing >30 kg being administered the same AEDs[seeDOSAGE AND ADMINISTRATION]. These analyses also revealed that, after accounting for body weight, lamotrigine clearancewas not significantly influenced by age. Thus, the same weight-adjusted doses should be administered to children irrespective ofdifferences in age. Concomitant AEDs which influence lamotrigine clearance in adults were found to have similar effects inchildren.

Table 16: Mean Pharmacokinetic Parameters in Pediatric Subjects with Epilepsy

Pediatric Study Population	Number of Subjects	Tmax (h)	t½ (h)	CL/F (mL/min/kg)
Ages 10 months-5.3 years
Subjects taking carbamazepine. phenytoin, phenobarbital, or primidonea	10	3.0	7.7	3.62
		(1.0-5.9)	(5.7-11.4)	(2.44-5.28)
Subjects taking antiepileptic drugs with no known effect on the apparent clearance of lamotrigine	7	5.2	19.0	1.2
		(2.9-6.1)	(12.9-27.1)	(0.75-2.42)
Subjects taking valproate only	8	2.9	44.9	0.47
		(1.0-6.0)	(29.5-52.5)	(0.23-0.77)
Ages 5-11 years
Subjects taking carbamazepine.	7	1.6	7.0	2.54
phenytoin, phenobarbital, or primidonea		(1.0-3.0)	(3.8-9.8)	(1.35-5.58)
Subjects taking carbamazepine. phenytoin, phenobarbital, or primidonea plus valproate	8	3.3	19.1	0.89
		(1.0-6.4)	(7.0-31.2)	(0.39-1.93)
Subjects taking valproate onlyb	3	4.5	65.8	0.24
		(3.0-6.0)	(50.7-73.7)	(0.21-0.26)
Ages 13-18 years
Subjects taking carbamazepine. phenytoin, phenobarbital, or primidonea	11	-c	-c	1.3
Subjects taking carbamazepine. phenytoin, phenobarbital, or primidoneaplus valproate	8	-c	-c	0.5
Subjects taking valproate only	4	-c	-c	0.3
aCarbamazepine, phenytoin, phenobarbital, and primidone have been shown to increase the apparent clearance of lamotrigine. Estrogen-containing oral contraceptives, rifampin, and the protease inhibitors lopinavir/ritonavir and atazanavir/ritonavir have alsobeen shown to increase the apparent clearance of lamotrigine [seeDRUG INTERACTIONS]. bTwo subjects were included in the calculation for mean Tmax. cParameter not estimated.

Geriatric Patients

The pharmacokinetics of lamotrigine following a single 150-mg dose of lamotrigine were evaluated in12 elderly volunteers between the ages of 65 and 76 years (mean creatinine clearance = 61 mL/min, range: 33 to 108 mL/min). Themean half-life of lamotrigine in these subjects was 31.2 hours (range: 24.5 to 43.4 hours), and the mean clearance was0.40 mL/min/kg (range: 0.26 to 0.48 mL/min/kg).

Male And Female Patients

The clearance of lamotrigine is not affected by gender. However, during dose escalation of lamotriginein 1 clinical trial in patients with epilepsy on a stable dose of valproate (n = 77), mean trough lamotrigine concentrationsunadjusted for weight were 24% to 45% higher (0.3 to 1.7 mcg/mL) in females than in males.

Racial Or Ethnic Groups

The apparent oral clearance of lamotrigine was 25% lower in non-Caucasians than Caucasians.

Clinical Studies

Epilepsy

Monotherapy With LAMICTAL In Adults With Partial-Onset Seizures Already Receiving Treatment With Carbamazepine, Phenytoin, Phenobarbital, Or Primidone As The Single Antiepileptic Drug

The effectiveness of monotherapy with LAMICTAL was established in a multicenter, double-blind clinical trial enrolling 156 adultoutpatients with partial-onset seizures. The patients experienced at least 4 simple partial-onset, complex partial-onset, and/orsecondarily generalized seizures during each of 2 consecutive 4-week periods while receiving carbamazepine or phenytoinmonotherapy during baseline. LAMICTAL (target dose of 500 mg/day) or valproate (1,000 mg/day) was added to eithercarbamazepine or phenytoin monotherapy over a 4-week period. Patients were then converted to monotherapy with LAMICTAL orvalproate during the next 4 weeks, then continued on monotherapy for an additional 12-week period.

审判端点完成所有星期的trial treatment or meeting an escape criterion. Criteria for escape relative tobaseline were: (1) doubling of average monthly seizure count, (2) doubling of highest consecutive 2-day seizure frequency, (3) emergence of a new seizure type (defined as a seizure that did not occur during the 8-week baseline) that is more severe thanseizure types that occur during study treatment, or (4) clinically significant prolongation of generalized tonic-clonic seizures. Theprimary efficacy variable was the proportion of patients in each treatment group who met escape criteria.

The percentages of patients who met escape criteria were 42% (32/76) in the group receiving LAMICTAL and 69% (55/80) in thevalproate group. The difference in the percentage of patients meeting escape criteria was statistically significant (P = 0.0012) infavor of LAMICTAL. No differences in efficacy based on age, sex, or race were detected.

Patients in the control group were intentionally treated with a relatively low dose of valproate; as such, the sole objective of thistrial was to demonstrate the effectiveness and safety of monotherapy with LAMICTAL, and cannot be interpreted to imply thesuperiority of LAMICTAL to an adequate dose of valproate.

Adjunctive Therapy With LAMICTAL In Adults With Partial-Onset Seizures

利作为辅助therap的有效性y (added to other AEDs) was initially established in 3 pivotal, multicenter,placebo-controlled, double-blind clinical trials in 355 adults with refractory partial-onset seizures. The patients had a history of atleast 4 partial-onset seizures per month in spite of receiving 1 or more AEDs at therapeutic concentrations and in 2 of the trialswere observed on their established AED regimen during baselines that varied between 8 to 12 weeks. In the third trial, patientswere not observed in a prospective baseline. In patients continuing to have at least 4 seizures per month during the baseline,LAMICTAL or placebo was then added to the existing therapy. In all 3 trials, change from baseline in seizure frequency was theprimary measure of effectiveness. The results given below are for all partial-onset seizures in the intent-to-treat population (allpatients who received at least 1 dose of treatment) in each trial, unless otherwise indicated. The median seizure frequency atbaseline was 3 per week while the mean at baseline was 6.6 per week for all patients enrolled in efficacy trials.

One trial (n = 216) was a double-blind, placebo-controlled, parallel trial consisting of a 24-week treatment period. Patients couldnot be on more than 2 other anticonvulsants and valproate was not allowed. Patients were randomized to receive placebo, a targetdose of 300 mg/day of LAMICTAL, or a target dose of 500 mg/day of LAMICTAL. The median reductions in the frequency of allpartial-onset seizures relative to baseline were 8% in patients receiving placebo, 20% in patients receiving 300 mg/day ofLAMICTAL, and 36% in patients receiving 500 mg/day of LAMICTAL. The seizure frequency reduction was statisticallysignificant in the 500-mg/day group compared with the placebo group, but not in the 300-mg/day group.

A second trial (n = 98) was a double-blind, placebo-controlled, randomized, crossover trial consisting of two 14-week treatmentperiods (the last 2 weeks of which consisted of dose tapering) separated by a 4-week washout period. Patients could not be on morethan 2 other anticonvulsants and valproate was not allowed. The target dose of LAMICTAL was 400 mg/day. When the first 12weeks of the treatment periods were analyzed, the median change in seizure frequency was a 25% reduction on LAMICTALcompared with placebo (P<0.001).

The third trial (n = 41) was a double-blind, placebo-controlled, crossover trial consisting of two 12-week treatment periodsseparated by a 4-week washout period. Patients could not be on more than 2 other anticonvulsants. Thirteen patients were onconcomitant valproate; these patients received 150 mg/day of LAMICTAL. The 28 other patients had a target dose of 300 mg/dayof LAMICTAL. The median change in seizure frequency was a 26% reduction on LAMICTAL compared with placebo (P<0.01).

No differences in efficacy based on age, sex, or race, as measured by change in seizure frequency, were detected.

Adjunctive Therapy With LAMICTAL In Pediatric Patients With Partial-Onset Seizures

利作为辅助therap的有效性y in pediatric patients with partial-onset seizures was established in amulticenter, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial in 199 patients aged 2 to 16 years (n = 98 on LAMICTAL, n = 101 on placebo).Following an 8-week baseline phase, patients were randomized to 18 weeks of treatment with LAMICTAL or placebo added totheir current AED regimen of up to 2 drugs. Patients were dosed based on body weight and valproate use. Target doses weredesigned to approximate 5 mg/kg/day for patients taking valproate (maximum dose: 250 mg/day) and 15 mg/kg/day for the patientsnot taking valproate (maximum dose: 750 mg/day). The primary efficacy endpoint was percentage change from baseline in allpartial-onset seizures. For the intent-to-treat population, the median reduction of all partial-onset seizures was 36% in patientstreated with LAMICTAL and 7% on placebo, a difference that was statistically significant (P<0.01).

Adjunctive Therapy With LAMICTAL In Pediatric And Adult Patients With Lennox-Gastaut Syndrome

利作为辅助therap的有效性y in patients with Lennox-Gastaut syndrome was established in a multicenter,double-blind, placebo-controlled trial in 169 patients aged 3 to 25 years (n = 79 on LAMICTAL, n = 90 on placebo). Following a4-week, single-blind, placebo phase, patients were randomized to 16 weeks of treatment with LAMICTAL or placebo added totheir current AED regimen of up to 3 drugs. Patients were dosed on a fixed-dose regimen based on body weight and valproate use.Target doses were designed to approximate 5 mg/kg/day for patients taking valproate (maximum dose: 200 mg/day) and 15mg/kg/day for patients not taking valproate (maximum dose: 400 mg/day). The primary efficacy endpoint was percentage changefrom baseline in major motor seizures (atonic, tonic, major myoclonic, and tonic-clonic seizures). For the intent-to-treat population,the median reduction of major motor seizures was 32% in patients treated with LAMICTAL and 9% on placebo, a difference thatwas statistically significant (P<0.05). Drop attacks were significantly reduced by LAMICTAL (34%) compared with placebo (9%),as were tonic-clonic seizures (36% reduction versus 10% increase for LAMICTAL and placebo, respectively).

Adjunctive Therapy With LAMICTAL In Pediatric And Adult Patients With Primary Generalized Tonic-Clonic Seizures

利作为辅助therap的有效性y in patients with PGTC seizures was established in a multicenter, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial in 117 pediatric and adult patients aged 2 years and older (n = 58 on LAMICTAL, n = 59 onplacebo). Patients with at least 3 PGTC seizures during an 8-week baseline phase were randomized to 19 to 24 weeks of treatmentwith LAMICTAL or placebo added to their current AED regimen of up to 2 drugs. Patients were dosed on a fixed-dose regimen,with target doses ranging from 3 to 12 mg/kg/day for pediatric patients and from 200 to 400 mg/day for adult patients based onconcomitant AEDs.

The primary efficacy endpoint was percentage change from baseline in PGTC seizures. For the intent-to-treat population, themedian percent reduction in PGTC seizures was 66% in patients treated with LAMICTAL and 34% on placebo, a difference thatwas statistically significant (P = 0.006).

Bipolar Disorder

Adults

The effectiveness of LAMICTAL in the maintenance treatment of bipolar I disorder was established in 2 multicenter, double-blind,placebo-controlled trials in adult patients (aged 18 to 82 years) who met DSM-IV criteria for bipolar I disorder. Trial 1 enrolledpatients with a current or recent (within 60 days) depressive episode as defined by DSM-IV and Trial 2 included patients with acurrent or recent (within 60 days) episode of mania or hypomania as defined by DSM-IV. Both trials included a cohort of patients(30% of 404 subjects in Trial 1 and 28% of 171 patients in Trial 2) with rapid cycling bipolar disorder (4 to 6 episodes per year).

In both trials, patients were titrated to a target dose of 200 mg of LAMICTAL as add-on therapy or as monotherapy with gradualwithdrawal of any psychotropic medications during an 8- to 16-week open-label period. Overall 81% of 1,305 patients participatingin the open-label period were receiving 1 or more other psychotropic medications, including benzodiazepines, selective serotoninreuptake inhibitors (SSRIs), atypical antipsychotics (including olanzapine), valproate, or lithium, during titration of LAMICTAL.Patients with a CGI-severity score of 3 or less maintained for at least 4 continuous weeks, including at least the final week onmonotherapy with LAMICTAL, were randomized to a placebo-controlled double-blind treatment period for up to 18 months. Theprimary endpoint was TIME (time to intervention for a mood episode or one that was emerging, time to discontinuation for eitheran adverse event that was judged to be related to bipolar disorder, or for lack of efficacy). The mood episode could be depression,mania, hypomania, or a mixed episode.

In Trial 1, patients received double-blind monotherapy with LAMICTAL 50 mg/day (n = 50), LAMICTAL 200 mg/day (n = 124),LAMICTAL 400 mg/day (n = 47), or placebo (n = 121). LAMICTAL (200- and 400-mg/day treatment groups combined) wassuperior to placebo in delaying the time to occurrence of a mood episode (Figure 1). Separate analyses of the 200- and 400-mg/daydose groups revealed no added benefit from the higher dose.

In Trial 2, patients received double-blind monotherapy with LAMICTAL (100 to 400 mg/day, n = 59), or placebo (n = 70).LAMICTAL was superior to placebo in delaying time to occurrence of a mood episode (Figure 2). The mean dose of LAMICTALwas about 211 mg/day.

Although these trials were not designed to separately evaluate time to the occurrence of depression or mania, a combined analysisfor the 2 trials revealed a statistically significant benefit for LAMICTAL over placebo in delaying the time to occurrence of bothdepression and mania, although the finding was more robust for depression.

Figure 1: Kaplan-Meier Estimation of Cumulative Proportion of Patients with Mood Episode (Trial 1)

Figure 2: Kaplan-Meier Estimation of Cumulative Proportion of Patients with Mood Episode (Trial 2)

PATIENT INFORMATION

LAMICTAL
(la-MIK-tal) (lamotrigine) tablets

LAMICTAL
(lamotrigine) tablets for oral suspension

LAMICTAL ODT
(lamotrigine) orally disintegrating tablets

What is the most important information I should know about LAMICTAL?

The risk of getting a serious skin rash is higher if you:

Call your healthcare provider right away if you have any of the following:

These symptoms may be the first signs of a serious skin reaction. A healthcare provider should examine you to decide if you should continue taking LAMICTAL.

Call a healthcare provider right away if you have any of these symptoms, especially if they are new, worse, or worry you:

Do not stop LAMICTAL without first talking to a healthcare provider.

How can I watch for early symptoms of suicidal thoughts and actions in myself or a family member?

Call your healthcare provider right away if you have any of the following symptoms:

Meningitis has many causes other than LAMICTAL, which your doctor would check for if you developed meningitis while taking LAMICTAL.

利会导致其他严重的副作用。For more information ask your healthcare provider or pharmacist. Tell your healthcare provider if you have any side effect that bothers you. Be sure to read the section below entitled “What are the possible side effects of LAMICTAL?”

Taking the wrong medication can cause serious health problems. When your healthcare provider gives you a prescription for LAMICTAL:

These pictures show the distinct wording, colors, and shapes of the tablets that help to identify the right strength of LAMICTAL tablets, tablets for oral suspension, and orally disintegrating tablets. Immediately call your pharmacist if you receive a LAMICTAL tablet that does not look like one of the tablets shown below, as you may have received the wrong medication.

1. LAMICTAL may cause a serious skin rash that may cause you to be hospitalized or even cause death.There is no way to tell if a mild rash will become more serious. A serious skin rash can happen at any time during your treatment with LAMICTAL, but is more likely to happen within the first 2 to 8 weeks of treatment. Children and teenagers aged between 2 and 17 years have a higher chance of getting this serious skin rash while taking LAMICTAL.
   • take LAMICTAL while taking valproate [DEPAKENE (valproic acid) or DEPAKOTE (divalproex sodium)].
   • take a higher starting dose of LAMICTAL than your healthcare provider prescribed.
   • increase your dose of LAMICTAL faster than prescribed.
   • a skin rash
   • blistering or peeling of your skin
   • hives
   • painful sores in your mouth or around your eyes
2. Other serious reactions, including serious blood problems or liver problems.LAMICTAL can also cause other types of allergic reactions or serious problems that may affect organs and other parts of your body like your liver or blood cells. You may or may not have a rash with these types of reactions. Call your healthcare provider right away if you have any of these symptoms:
   • fever
   • frequent infections
   • severe muscle pain
   • swelling of your face, eyes, lips, or tongue
   • swollen lymph glands
   • unusual bruising or bleeding, looking pale
   • weakness, fatigue
   • yellowing of your skin or the white part of your eyes
   • trouble walking or seeing
   • seizures for the first time or happening more often
   • pain and/or tenderness in the area towards the top of your stomach (enlarged liver and/orspleen)
3. In patients with known heart problems, the use of LAMICTAL may lead to a fast heart beat. Call your healthcare provider right away if you:
   • have a fast, slow, or pounding heart beat.
   • feel your heart skip a beat.
   • have shortness of breath.
   • have chest pain.
   • feel lightheaded.
4. Like other antiepileptic drugs, LAMICTAL may cause suicidal thoughts or actions in a very small number of people, about 1 in 500.
   • thoughts about suicide or dying
   • attempt to commit suicide
   • new or worse depression
   • new or worse anxiety
   • feeling agitated or restless
   • panic attacks
   • trouble sleeping (insomnia)
   • new or worse irritability
   • acting aggressive, being angry, or violent
   • acting on dangerous impulses
   • an extreme increase in activity and talking (mania)
   • other unusual changes in behavior or mood
   • Stopping LAMICTAL suddenly can cause serious problems.
   • Suicidal thoughts or actions can be caused by things other than medicines. If you have suicidal thoughts or actions, your healthcare provider may check for other causes.
   • Pay attention to any changes, especially sudden changes, in mood, behaviors, thoughts, or feelings.
   • Keep all follow-up visits with your healthcare provider as scheduled.
   • 叫你的医疗服务提供者之间的互访为needed, especially if you are worried about symptoms.
5. 利可能会引起无菌性脑膜炎,严重的我nflammation of the protective membrane that covers the brain and spinal cord.
   • headache
   • fever
   • nausea
   • vomiting
   • stiff neck
   • rash
   • unusual sensitivity to light
   • 肌肉疼痛
   • chills
   • confusion
   • drowsiness
6. People prescribed LAMICTAL have sometimes been given the wrong medicine because many medicines have names similar to LAMICTAL, so always check that you receive LAMICTAL.
   • Make sure you can read it clearly.
   • Talk to your pharmacist to check that you are given the correct medicine.
   • Each time you fill your prescription, check the tablets you receive against the pictures of the tablets below.

LAMICTAL (lamotrigine) tablets

What is LAMICTAL?

• LAMICTAL is a prescription medicine used:
  • together with other medicines to treat certain types of seizures (partial-onset seizures, primary generalized tonic-clonic seizures, generalized seizures of Lennox-Gastaut syndrome) in people aged 2 years and older.
  • alone when changing from 1 other medicine used to treat partial-onset seizures in people aged 16 years and older.
  • for the long-term treatment of bipolar I disorder to lengthen the time between mood episodes in people who have been treated for mood episodes with other medicine.
• It is not known if LAMICTAL is safe or effective in people younger than 18 years with mood episodes such as bipolar disorder or depression.
• It is not known if LAMICTAL is safe or effective when used alone as the first treatment of seizures.
• It is not known if LAMICTAL is safe or effective for people with mood episodes who have not already been treated with other medicines.
• LAMICTAL should not be used for acute treatment of manic or mixed mood episodes.

Do not take LAMICTAL:

• if you have had an allergic reaction to lamotrigine or to any of the inactive ingredients in LAMICTAL. See the end of this leaflet for a complete list of ingredients in LAMICTAL.

Before taking LAMICTAL, tell your healthcare provider about all of your health conditions, including if you:

• have had a rash or allergic reaction to another antiseizure medicine.
• have or have had depression, mood problems, or suicidal thoughts or behavior.
• have a history of heart problems or irregular heart beats or any of your family members have any heart problem, including genetic abnormalities.
• have had aseptic meningitis after taking LAMICTAL or LAMICTAL XR (lamotrigine).
• are taking oral contraceptives (birth control pills) or other female hormonal medicines. Do not start or stop taking birth control pills or other female hormonal medicine until you have talked with your healthcare provider. Tell your healthcare provider if you have any changes in your menstrual pattern such as breakthrough bleeding. Stopping these medicines while you are taking LAMICTAL may cause side effects (such as dizziness, lack of coordination, or double vision). Starting these medicines may lessen how well LAMICTAL works.
• are pregnant or plan to become pregnant. It is not known if LAMICTAL may harm your unborn baby. If you become pregnant while taking LAMICTAL, talk to your healthcare provider about registering with the North American Antiepileptic Drug Pregnancy Registry. You can enroll in this registry by calling 1-888-233-2334. The purpose of this registry is to collect information about the safety of antiepileptic drugs during pregnancy.
• are breastfeeding. LAMICTAL passes into breast milk and may cause side effects in a breastfed baby. If you breastfeed while taking LAMICTAL, watch your baby closely for trouble breathing, episodes of temporarily stopping breathing, sleepiness, or poor sucking. Call your baby’s healthcare provider right away if you see any of these problems. Talk to your healthcare provider about the best way to feed your baby if you take LAMICTAL.

Tell your healthcare provider about all the medicines you take, including prescription and over-the-counter medicines, vitamins, and herbal supplements. LAMICTAL and certain other medicines may interact with each other. This may cause serious side effects.

Know the medicines you take. Keep a list of them to show your healthcare provider and pharmacist when you get a new medicine.

How should I take LAMICTAL?

• Take LAMICTAL exactly as prescribed.
• Your healthcare provider may change your dose. Do not change your dose without talking to your healthcare provider.
• Do not stop taking LAMICTAL without talking to your healthcare provider. Stopping LAMICTAL suddenly may cause serious problems. For example, if you have epilepsy and you stop taking LAMICTAL suddenly, you may have seizures that do not stop. Talk with your healthcare provider about how to stop LAMICTAL slowly.
• If you miss a dose of LAMICTAL, take it as soon as you remember. If it is almost time for your next dose, just skip the missed dose. Take the next dose at your regular time.Do not take 2 doses at the same time.
• If you take too much LAMICTAL, call your healthcare provider or your local Poison Control Center or go to the nearest hospital emergency room right away.
• You may not feel the full effect of LAMICTAL for several weeks.
• If you have epilepsy, tell your healthcare provider if your seizures get worse or if you have any new types of seizures.
• Swallow LAMICTAL Tablets whole.
• If you have trouble swallowing LAMICTAL Tablets, tell your healthcare provider because there may be another form of LAMICTAL you can take.
• LAMICTAL ODT should be placed on the tongue and moved around the mouth. The tablet will rapidly disintegrate, can be swallowed with or without water, and can be taken with or without food.
• LAMICTAL tablets for oral suspension may be swallowed whole, chewed, or mixed in water or fruit juice mixed with water. If the tablets are chewed, drink a small amount of water or fruit juice mixed with water to help in swallowing. To break up LAMICTAL tablets for oral suspension, add the tablets to a small amount of liquid (1 teaspoon, or enough to cover the medicine) in a glass or spoon. Wait at least 1 minute or until the tablets are completely broken up, mix the solution together, and take the whole amount right away.
• If you receive LAMICTAL in a blister pack, examine the blister pack before use. Do not use if blisters are torn, broken, or missing.

What should I avoid while taking LAMICTAL?

Do not drive, operate machinery, or do other dangerous activities until you know how LAMICTAL affects you.

What are the possible side effects of LAMICTAL?

LAMICTAL can cause serious side effects.

“什么是most important information I should know about LAMICTAL?”

Common side effects of LAMICTAL include:

• dizziness
• sleepiness
• tremor
• back pain
• headache
• nausea, vomiting
• rash
• diarrhea
• blurred or double vision
• tiredness
• fever
• insomnia
• lack of coordination
• dry mouth
• abdominal pain
• stuffy nose
• infections, including seasonal flu
• sore throat

These are not all the possible side effects of LAMICTAL.

Call your doctor for medical advice about side effects. You may report side effects to FDA at 1-800-FDA-1088.

How should I store LAMICTAL?

• Store LAMICTAL at room temperature between 68°F and 77°F (20°C and 25°C).

Keep LAMICTAL and all medicines out of the reach of children.

General information about the safe and effective use of LAMICTAL.

Medicines are sometimes prescribed for purposes other than those listed in a Medication Guide. Do not use LAMICTAL for a condition for which it was not prescribed. Do not give LAMICTAL to other people, even if they have the same symptoms that you have. It may harm them. If you take a urine drug screening test, LAMICTAL may make the test result positive for another drug.

If you require a urine drug screening test, tell the healthcare professional administering the test that you are taking LAMICTAL. You can ask your healthcare provider or pharmacist for information about LAMICTAL that is written for health professionals.

What are the ingredients in LAMICTAL?

LAMICTAL tablets

Active ingredient: lamotrigine.

Inactive ingredients: lactose; magnesium stearate, microcrystalline cellulose, povidone, sodium starch glycolate, FD&C Yellow No. 6 Lake (100-mg tablet only), ferric oxide, yellow (150-mg tablet only), and FD&C Blue No. 2 Lake (200-mg tablet only).

LAMICTAL tablets for oral suspension

Active ingredient: lamotrigine.

Inactive ingredients: blackcurrant flavor, calcium carbonate, low-substituted hydroxypropylcellulose, magnesium aluminum silicate, magnesium stearate, povidone, saccharin sodium, and sodium starch glycolate.

LAMICTAL ODT orally disintegrating tablets

Active ingredient: lamotrigine.

Inactive ingredients: artificial cherry flavor, crospovidone, ethylcellulose, magnesium stearate, mannitol, polyethylene, and sucralose.

This Medication Guide has been approved by the U.S. Food and Drug Administration