Augmentin ES

To reduce the development of drug-resistant bacteria and maintain the effectiveness of AUGMENTIN ES-600 (amoxicillin/clavulanatepotassium) and otherantibacterialdrugs, AUGMENTIN ES-600 should be used only to treat or prevent infections that are proven or strongly suspected to be caused by bacteria.

DESCRIPTION

AUGMENTIN ES-600 is an oral antibacterial combination consisting of the semisyntheticantibioticamoxicillin and the β-lactamase inhibitor, clavulanate potassium (the potassium salt of clavulanic acid). Amoxicillin is ananalogof ampicillin, derived from the basicpenicillinnucleus, 6-aminopenicillanic acid. The amoxicillin molecular formula is C₁₆H₁₉N₃O₅S•3H₂O,分子量为419.46。化学,amoxicillin is (2S,5R,6R)6-[(R)-(-)-2-Amino-2-(p-hydroxyphenyl)acetamido]-3,3-dimethyl-7-oxo-4-thia-1-azabicyclo[3.2.0]heptane-2-carboxylic acid trihydrate and may be represented structurally as:

Clavulanic acid is produced by the fermentation ofStreptomyces clavuligerus. It is a β-lactam structurally related to the penicillins and possesses the ability to inactivate a wide variety of β-lactamases by blocking the active sites of these enzymes. Clavulanic acid is particularly active against the clinically important plasmid-mediated β-lactamases frequently responsible for transferred drug resistance to penicillins and cephalosporins. The clavulanate potassium molecular formula is C₈H₈KNO₅and the molecular weight is 237.25. Chemically, clavulanate potassium is potassium (Z)-(2R,5R)-3-(2-hydroxyethylidene)-7-oxo-4-oxa-1-azabicyclo[3.2.0]-heptane-2-carboxylate and may be represented structurally as:

活性成分:Powder for Oral Suspension—Colloidal silicon dioxide, strawberry cream flavor, xanthan gum, aspartame^a, sodium carboxymethylcellulose, and silicon dioxide.

Each 5 mL of reconstituted 600 mg/5 mL oral suspension of AUGMENTIN ES-600 contains 0.23 mEq potassium.

^aSeePATIENT INFORMATION/Phenylketonurics.

INDICATIONS

AUGMENTIN ES-600 is indicated for the treatment of pediatric patients with recurrent or persistent acute otitis media due toS. pneumoniae(penicillin MICs ≤ 2 mcg/mL),H. influenzae(including β-lactamase–producing strains), orM. catarrhalis(including β-lactamase–producing strains) characterized by the following risk factors:

• antibiotic exposure foracute otitis mediawithin the preceding 3 months, and either of the following:
  • age ≤ 2 years
  • daycare attendance [SeeCLINICAL PHARMACOLOGY,Microbiology.]

NOTE:Acuteotitis mediadue toS. pneumoniaealone can be treated with amoxicillin. AUGMENTIN ES-600 is not indicated for the treatment of acute otitis media due toS. pneumoniaewith penicillin MIC ≥ 4 mcg/mL.

Therapy may be instituted prior to obtaining the results from bacteriological studies when there is reason to believe the infection may involve bothS. pneumoniae(penicillin MIC ≤ 2 mcg/mL) and the β-lactamase–producing organisms listed above.

To reduce the development of drug-resistant bacteria and maintain the effectiveness of AUGMENTIN ES-600 and other antibacterial drugs, AUGMENTIN ES-600 should be used only to treat or prevent infections that are proven or strongly suspected to be caused by susceptible bacteria. When culture and susceptibility information are available, they should be considered in selecting or modifying antibacterial therapy. In the absence of such data, local epidemiology and susceptibility patterns may contribute to the empiric selection of therapy.

剂量和管理

AUGMENTIN ES-600, 600 mg/5 mL, does not contain the same amount of clavulanic acid (as the potassium salt) as any of the other suspensions of AUGMENTIN. AUGMENTIN ES-600 contains 42.9 mg of clavulanic acid per 5 mL, whereas the 200 mg/5 mL suspension of AUGMENTIN contains 28.5 mg of clavulanic acid per 5 mL and the 400 mg/5 mL suspension contains 57 mg of clavulanic acid per 5 mL. Therefore, the 200 mg/5 mL and 400 mg/5 mL suspensions of AUGMENTIN should not be substituted for AUGMENTIN ES-600, as they are not interchangeable.

Dosage

Pediatric patients 3 months and older:Based on the amoxicillin component (600 mg/5 mL), the recommended dose of AUGMENTIN ES-600 is 90 mg/kg/day divided every 12 hours, administered for 10 days (seechart below).

Body Weight (kg)	Volume of AUGMENTIN ES-600 providing 90 mg/kg/day
8	3.0 mL twice daily
12	4.5 mL twice daily
16	6.0 mL twice daily
20	7.5 mL twice daily
24	9.0 mL twice daily
28	10.5 mL twice daily
32	12.0 mL twice daily
36	13.5 mL twice daily

Pediatric patients weighing 40 kg and more:Experience with AUGMENTIN ES-600 (600 mg/5 mL formulation) in this group is not available.

Adults:Experience with AUGMENTIN ES-600 (600 mg/5 mL formulation) in adults is not available and adults who have difficulty swallowing should not be given AUGMENTIN ES-600 (600 mg/5 mL) in place of the 500-mg or 875-mg tablet of AUGMENTIN.

Hepatically impaired patients should be dosed with caution and hepatic function monitored at regular intervals. (See警告.)

Directions for Mixing Oral Suspension

Prepare a suspension at time of dispensing as follows: Tap bottle until all the powder flows freely. Add approximately 2/3 of the total amount of water for reconstitution (seetable below) and shake vigorously to suspend powder. Add remainder of the water and again shake vigorously.

AUGMENTIN ES-600 (600 mg/5 mL Suspension)

Bottle Size	Amount of Water Required for Reconstitution
75 mL	70 mL
125 mL	110 mL
200 mL	180 mL

Each teaspoonful (5 mL) will contain 600 mg amoxicillin as the trihydrate and 42.9 mg of clavulanic acid as the potassium salt.

NOTE:SHAKE ORAL SUSPENSION WELL BEFORE USING.

Information for the Pharmacist:For patients who wish to alter the taste of AUGMENTIN ES-600, immediately after reconstitution 1 drop of FLAVORx™ (apple, banana cream, bubble gum, cherry, or watermelon flavor) may be added for every 5 mL of AUGMENTIN ES-600. The resulting suspension is stable for 10 days under refrigeration. Other than the 5 flavors listed above, GlaxoSmithKline has not evaluated the stability of AUGMENTIN ES-600 when mixed with other flavors distributed by FLAVORx.

Administration:To minimize the potential forgastrointestinalintolerance, AUGMENTIN ES-600 should be taken at the start of a meal. Absorption of clavulanate potassium may be enhanced when AUGMENTIN ES-600 is administered at the start of a meal.

HOW SUPPLIED

AUGMENTIN ES-600, 600 mg/5 mL, for Oral Suspension:Each 5 mL of reconstitutedstrawberrycream-flavored suspension contains 600 mg amoxicillin and 42.9 mg clavulanic acid as the potassium salt.

NDC43598-003-69…….125 mL bottle
NDC43598-003-51…….75 mL bottle
NDC43598-003-54…….200 mL bottle

Storage

商店重组悬挂在制冷. Discard unused suspension after 10 days. Store dry powder for oral suspension at or below 25°C (77°F). Dispense in original container.

Manufactured by: Dr. Reddy's Laboratories Inc. Bridgewater, NJ 08807

SIDE EFFECTS

AUGMENTIN ES-600 is generally well tolerated. The majority of side effects observed in pediatric clinical trials of acute otitis media were either mild or moderate, and transient in nature; 4.4% of patients discontinued therapy because of drug-related side effects. The most commonly reported side effects with probable or suspected relationship to AUGMENTIN ES-600 werecontact dermatitis, i.e., diaper rash (3.5%), diarrhea (2.9%), vomiting (2.2%), moniliasis (1.4%), and rash (1.1%). The most common adverse experiences leading to withdrawal that were of probable or suspected relationship to AUGMENTIN ES-600 were diarrhea (2.5%) and vomiting (1.4%).

The following adverse reactions have been reported for ampicillin-class antibiotics:

Gastrointestinal

Diarrhea, nausea, vomiting, indigestion,gastritis, stomatitis,glossitis, black “hairy” tongue, mucocutaneouscandidiasis, enterocolitis, andhemorrhagic/pseudomembranous colitis. Onset of pseudomembranouscolitissymptoms may occur during or after antibiotic treatment. (See警告.)

Hypersensitivity Reactions

Skin rashes,pruritus,urticaria,angioedema, serum sickness– like reactions (urticaria or skin rash accompanied byarthritis,arthralgia,myalgia, and frequently fever),erythema multiforme(rarelyStevens-Johnson syndrome), acute generalized exanthematouspustulosis, hypersensitivityvasculitis, and an occasional case of exfoliativedermatitis(includingtoxic epidermal necrolysis)已报告。These reactions may be controlled withantihistaminesand, if necessary, systemic corticosteroids. Whenever such reactions occur, the drug should be discontinued, unless the opinion of the physician dictates otherwise. Serious and occasional fatal hypersensitivity (anaphylactic) reactions can occur with oral penicillin. (See警告.)

Liver

A moderate rise in AST (SGOT) and/or ALT (SGPT) has been noted in patients treated with ampicillin-class antibiotics, but the significance of these findings is unknown. Hepatic dysfunction, includinghepatitisand cholestaticjaundice, (SeeCONTRAINDICATIONS血清转氨酶(AST),增加和/或一个LT), serum bilirubin, and/or alkaline phosphatase, has been infrequently reported with AUGMENTIN. It has been reported more commonly in the elderly, in males, or in patients on prolonged treatment. The histologic findings on liver biopsy have consisted of predominantly cholestatic, hepatocellular, or mixed cholestatic-hepatocellular changes. The onset of signs/symptoms of hepatic dysfunction may occur during or several weeks after therapy has been discontinued. The hepatic dysfunction, which may be severe, is usually reversible. On rare occasions, deaths have been reported (less than 1 death reported per estimated 4 million prescriptions worldwide). These have generally been cases associated with serious underlying diseases or concomitant medications.

Renal

Interstitialnephritisandhematuriahave been reported rarely. Crystalluria has also been reported (seeOVERDOSAGE).

Hemic and Lymphatic Systems

Anemia, includinghemolytic anemia,机能topenia, thrombocytopenicpurpura,eosinophilia,leukopenia, andagranulocytosishave been reported during therapy with penicillins. These reactions are usually reversible on discontinuation of therapy and are believed to be hypersensitivity phenomena. A slight机能tosiswas noted in less than 1% of the patients treated with AUGMENTIN. There have been reports of increasedprothrombin timein patients receiving AUGMENTIN andanticoagulanttherapy concomitantly.

Central Nervous System

Agitation, anxiety, behavioral changes, confusion, convulsions, dizziness, insomnia, and reversiblehyperactivityhave been reported rarely.

Miscellaneous

Tooth discoloration (brown, yellow, or gray staining) has been rarely reported. Most reports occurred in pediatric patients. Discoloration was reduced or eliminated with brushing or dental cleaning in most cases.

DRUG INTERACTIONS

Probenecid decreases the renal tubular secretion of amoxicillin. Concurrent use with AUGMENTIN ES-600 may result in increased and prolonged blood levels of amoxicillin. Co-administration of probenecid cannot be recommended.

Abnormal prolongation ofprothrombintime (increased international normalized ratio [INR]) has been reported rarely in patients receiving amoxicillin and oral anticoagulants. Appropriate monitoring should be undertaken when anticoagulants are prescribed concurrently. Adjustments in the dose of oral anticoagulants may be necessary to maintain the desired level of anticoagulation.

The concurrent administration of allopurinol and ampicillin increases substantially the incidence of rashes in patients receiving both drugs as compared to patients receiving ampicillin alone. It is not known whether this potentiation of ampicillin rashes is due to allopurinol or thehyperuricemiapresent in these patients. There are no data with AUGMENTIN ES-600 and allopurinol administered concurrently.

In common with other broad-spectrum antibiotics, amoxicillin/clavulanate may reduce the efficacy of oral contraceptives.

Drug/Laboratory Test Interactions

Oral administration of AUGMENTIN will result in high urine concentrations of amoxicillin. High urine concentrations of ampicillin may result in false-positive reactions when testing for the presence of glucose in urine using CLINITEST®, Benedict's Solution, or Fehling's Solution. Since this effect may also occur with amoxicillin and therefore AUGMENTIN ES-600, it is recommended that glucose tests based on enzymatic glucose oxidase reactions (such as CLINISTIX®) be used.

Following administration of ampicillin to pregnant women, a transient decrease in plasma concentration of total conjugated estriol, estriol-glucuronide, conjugated estrone, and estradiol has been noted. This effect may also occur with amoxicillin and therefore AUGMENTIN ES-600.

警告

SERIOUS AND OCCASIONALLY FATAL HYPERSENSITIVITY (ANAPHYLACTIC) REACTIONS HAVE BEEN REPORTED IN PATIENTS ON PENICILLIN THERAPY. THESE REACTIONS ARE MORE LIKELY TO OCCUR IN INDIVIDUALS WITH A HISTORY OF PENICILLIN HYPERSENSITIVITY AND/OR A HISTORY OF SENSITIVITY TO MULTIPLE ALLERGENS. THERE HAVE BEEN REPORTS OF INDIVIDUALS WITH A HISTORY OF PENICILLIN HYPERSENSITIVITY WHO HAVE EXPERIENCED SEVERE REACTIONS WHEN TREATED WITH CEPHALOSPORINS. BEFORE INITIATING THERAPY WITH AUGMENTIN ES-600, CAREFUL INQUIRY SHOULD BE MADE CONCERNING PREVIOUS HYPERSENSITIVITY REACTIONS TO PENICILLINS, CEPHALOSPORINS, OR OTHER ALLERGENS. IF AN ALLERGIC REACTION OCCURS, AUGMENTIN ES-600 SHOULD BE DISCONTINUED AND THE APPROPRIATE THERAPY INSTITUTED.SERIOUS ANAPHYLACTIC REACTIONS REQUIRE IMMEDIATE EMERGENCY TREATMENT WITH EPINEPHRINE. OXYGEN, INTRAVENOUS STEROIDS, AND AIRWAY MANAGEMENT, INCLUDING INTUBATION, SHOULD ALSO BE ADMINISTERED AS INDICATED.

Pseudomembranous colitis has been reported with nearly all antibacterial agents, including amoxicillin/clavulanate potassium, and has ranged in severity from mild to life-threatening. Therefore, it is important to consider this diagnosis in patients who present with diarrhea subsequent to the administration of antibacterial agents.

Treatment with antibacterial agents alters the normalfloraof thecolonand may permit overgrowth of clostridia. Studies indicate that atoxinproduced byClostridium difficileis one primary cause of “antibiotic-associated colitis.”

After the diagnosis of pseudomembranous colitis has been established, appropriate therapeutic measures should be initiated. Mild cases of pseudomembranous colitis usually respond to drug discontinuation alone. In moderate to severe cases, consideration should be given to management with fluids and electrolytes, protein supplementation, and treatment with an antibacterial drug clinically effective againstC. difficilecolitis.

AUGMENTIN ES-600 should be used with caution in patients with evidence of hepatic dysfunction. Hepatic toxicity associated with the use of amoxicillin/clavulanate potassium is usually reversible. On rare occasions, deaths have been reported (less than 1 death reported per estimated 4 million prescriptions worldwide). These have generally been cases associated with serious underlying diseases or concomitant medications. (SeeCONTRAINDICATIONSandADVERSE REACTIONS-Liver.)

PRECAUTIONS

General

While amoxicillin/clavulanate possesses the characteristic low toxicity of the penicillin group of antibiotics, periodic assessment of organ system functions, including renal, hepatic, and hematopoietic function, is advisable if therapy is for longer than the drug is approved for administration.

A high percentage of patients withmononucleosiswho receive ampicillin develop an erythematous skin rash. Thus, ampicillin-class antibiotics should not be administered to patients with mononucleosis.

The possibility of superinfections with mycotic or bacterial pathogens should be kept in mind during therapy. If superinfections occur (usually involving Pseudomonas or Candida), the drug should be discontinued and/or appropriate therapy instituted.

Prescribing AUGMENTIN ES-600 in the absence of a proven or strongly suspected bacterial infection or aprophylacticindication is unlikely to provide benefit to the patient and increases the risk of the development of drug-resistant bacteria.

Carcinogenesis, Mutagenesis, Impairment of Fertility

Long-term studies in animals have not been performed to evaluatecarcinogenicpotential. The mutagenic potential of AUGMENTIN was investigatedin vitrowith an Ames test, a humanlymphocytecytogenetic assay, ayeasttest, and a mouselymphomaforward mutation assay, and in vivo with mouse micronucleus tests and adominant致命的考验。都是负面的in vitromouse lymphoma assay where weak activity was found at very high,cytotoxicconcentrations. AUGMENTIN at oral doses of up to 1,200 mg/kg/day (5.7 times the maximum adult human dose based on body surface area) was found to have no effect on fertility and reproductive performance in rats, dosed with a 2:1 ratio formulation of amoxicillin:clavulanate.

Teratogenic Effects

Pregnancy (Category B). Reproduction studies performed in pregnant rats and mice given AUGMENTIN at oral dosages up to 1,200 mg/kg/day (4.9 and 2.8 times the maximum adult human oral dose based on body surface area, respectively), revealed no evidence of harm to the fetus due to AUGMENTIN. There are, however, no adequate and well-controlled studies in pregnant women. Because animal reproduction studies are not always predictive of human response, this drug should be used during pregnancy only if clearly needed.

Labor and Delivery

Oral ampicillin-class antibiotics are generally poorly absorbed during labor. Studies in guinea pigs have shown that intravenous administration of ampicillin decreased the uterine tone, frequency of contractions, height of contractions, and duration of contractions. However, it is not known whether the use of AUGMENTIN in humans during labor or delivery has immediate or delayed adverse effects on the fetus, prolongs the duration of labor, or increases the likelihood that forceps delivery or other obstetrical intervention orresuscitationof the newborn will be necessary. In a single study in women with prematureruptureof fetal membranes, it was reported that prophylactic treatment with AUGMENTIN may be associated with an increased risk of necrotizing enterocolitis in neonates.

Nursing Mothers

Ampicillin-class antibiotics are excreted in human milk; therefore, caution should be exercised when AUGMENTIN is administered to a nursing woman.

Pediatric Use

Safety and efficacy of AUGMENTIN ES-600 in infants younger than 3 months have not been established. Safety and efficacy of AUGMENTIN ES-600 have been demonstrated for treatment of acute otitis media in infants and children 3 months to 12 years (seeDescription ofClinical Studies).

The safety and effectiveness of AUGMENTIN ES–600 have been established for the treatment of pediatric patients (3 months to 12 years) with acute bacterialsinusitis. This use is supported by evidence from adequate and well-controlled studies of AUGMENTIN XR™ Extended Release Tablets in adults with acute bacterial sinusitis, studies of AUGMENTIN ES-600 in pediatric patients with acute otitis media, and by similar pharmacokinetics of amoxicillin and clavulanate in pediatric patients taking AUGMENTIN ES600 (seeCLINICAL PHARMACOLOGY) and adults taking AUGMENTIN XR.

OVERDOSE

Following overdosage, patients have experienced primarily gastrointestinal symptoms including stomach and abdominal pain, vomiting, and diarrhea. Rash, hyperactivity, or drowsiness have also been observed in a small number of patients.

In the case of overdosage, discontinue AUGMENTIN ES-600, treat symptomatically, and institute supportive measures as required. If the overdosage is very recent and there is nocontraindication, an attempt atemesisor other means of removal of drug from the stomach may be performed. A prospective study of 51 pediatric patients at a poison control center suggested that overdosages of less than 250 mg/kg of amoxicillin are not associated with significant clinical symptoms and do not requiregastricemptying.⁴

Interstitial nephritis resulting in oliguric renal failure has been reported in a small number of patients after overdosage with amoxicillin.

Crystalluria, in some cases leading to renal failure, has also been reported after amoxicillin overdosage in adult and pediatric patients. In case of overdosage, adequate fluid intake anddiuresisshould be maintained to reduce the risk of amoxicillin crystalluria.

Renal impairment appears to be reversible with cessation of drug administration. High blood levels may occur more readily in patients with impaired renal function because of decreased renal clearance of both amoxicillin and clavulanate. Both amoxicillin and clavulanate are removed from thecirculationbyhemodialysis.

CONTRAINDICATIONS

AUGMENTIN ES-600 is contraindicated in patients with a history of allergic reactions to any penicillin. It is also contraindicated in patients with a previous history of cholestatic jaundice/hepatic dysfunction associated with AUGMENTIN.

REFERENCES

4. Swanson-Biearman B, Dean BS, Lopez G, Krenzelok EP. The effects of penicillin and cephalosporin ingestions in children less than six years of age. Vet Hum Toxicol. 1988;30:66-67.

CLINICAL PHARMACOLOGY

The pharmacokinetics of amoxicillin and clavulanate were determined in a study of 19 pediatric patients, 8 months to 11 years, given AUGMENTIN ES-600 at an amoxicillin dose of 45 mg/kg every 12 hours with a snack or meal. The mean plasma amoxicillin and clavulanate pharmacokinetic parameter values are listed in the following table.

Table 1: Mean (±SD) Plasma Amoxicillin and Clavulanate Pharmacokinetic Parameter Values Following Administration of 45 mg/kg of AUGMENTIN ES-600 Every 12 Hours to Pediatric Patients

Parametera	Amoxicillin	Clavulanate
Cmax (mcg/mL)	15.7 ±7.7	1.7 ±0.9
Tmax (hr)	2.0 (1.0 – 4.0)	1.1 (1.0 – 4.0)
AUC0-t (mcg•hr/mL)	59.8 ±20.0	4.0 ±1.9
T½ (hr)	1.4 ±0.3	1.1 ±0.3
CL/F (L/hr/kg)	0.9 ±0.4	1.1 ±1.1
aArithmetic mean ± standard deviation, except Tmax values which are medians (ranges).

The effect of food on the oral absorption of AUGMENTIN ES-600 has not been studied.

Approximately 50% to 70% of the amoxicillin and approximately 25% to 40% of the clavulanic acid are excreted unchanged in urine during the first 6 hours after administration of 10 mL of 250 mg/5 mL suspension of AUGMENTIN.

Concurrent administration of probenecid delays amoxicillin excretion but does not delay renal excretion of clavulanic acid.

无论是组件在安灭菌es - 600是高度公关otein-bound; clavulanic acid has been found to be approximately 25% bound to human serum and amoxicillin approximately 18% bound.

Oral administration of a single dose of AUGMENTIN ES-600 at 45 mg/kg (based on the amoxicillin component) to pediatric patients, 9 months to 8 years, yielded the following pharmacokinetic data for amoxicillin in plasma and middle ear fluid (MEF).

Table 2: Amoxicillin Concentrations in Plasma and Middle Ear Fluid Following Administration of 45 mg/kg of AUGMENTIN ES-600 to Pediatric Patients

Timepoint		Amoxicillin concentration in plasma (mcg/mL)	Amoxicillin concentration in MEF (mcg/mL)
1 hour	mean	7.7	3.2
	median	9.3	3.5
	range	1.5 – 14.0	0.2 – 5.5
		(n = 5)	(n = 4)
2 hour	mean	15.7	3.3
	median	13.0	2.4
	range	11.0 – 25.0	1.9 – 6
		(n = 7)	(n = 5)
3 hour	mean	13.0	5.8
	median	12.0	6.5
	range	5.5 – 21.0	3.9 – 7.4
		(n = 5)	(n = 5)

Dose administered immediately prior to eating.

Amoxicillin diffuses readily into most body tissues and fluids with the exception of the brain and spinal fluid. The results of experiments involving the administration of clavulanic acid to animals suggest that this compound, like amoxicillin, is well distributed in body tissues.

Microbiology

Amoxicillin is a semisynthetic antibiotic with a broad spectrum of bactericidal activity against many gram-positive and gram-negative microorganisms. Amoxicillin is, however, susceptible to degradation by β-lactamases, and therefore, its spectrum of activity does not include organisms which produce these enzymes. Clavulanic acid is a β-lactam, structurally related to penicillin, which possesses the ability to inactivate a wide range of β-lactamase enzymes commonly found in microorganisms resistant to penicillins and cephalosporins. In particular, it has good activity against the clinically important plasmid-mediated β-lactamases frequently found responsible for transferred drug resistance.

The clavulanic acid component of AUGMENTIN ES-600 protects amoxicillin from degradation by β-lactamase enzymes and effectively extends the antibiotic spectrum of amoxicillin to include many bacteria normally resistant to amoxicillin and other β-lactam antibiotics. Thus, AUGMENTIN ES-600 possesses the distinctive properties of a broad-spectrum antibiotic and a β-lactamase inhibitor.

Amoxicillin/clavulanic acid has been shown to be active against most isolates of the following microorganisms, bothin vitroand in clinical infections as described in theINDICATIONS AND USAGEsection.

Aerobic Gram-Positive Microorganisms

Streptococcus pneumoniae(including isolates with penicillin MICs ≤ 2 mcg/mL)

Aerobic Gram-Negative Microorganisms

Haemophilus influenzae(including β-lactamase–producing isolates)
Moraxella catarrhalis(including β-lactamase–producing isolates)

The followingin vitrodata are available,but their clinical significance is unknown.

At least 90% of the following microorganisms exhibitin vitrominimum inhibitory concentrations (MICs) less than or equal to the susceptible breakpoint for amoxicillin/clavulanic acid. However, the safety and efficacy of amoxicillin/clavulanic acid in treating infections due to these microorganisms have not been established in adequate and well-controlled trials.

Aerobic Gram-Positive Microorganisms

Staphylococcus aureus(including β-lactamase–producing isolates)

NOTE:Staphylococciwhich are resistant tomethicillin/oxacillin must be considered resistant to amoxicillin/clavulanic acid.Streptococcus pyogenes

NOTE:S. pyogenesdo not produce β-lactamase, and therefore, are susceptible to amoxicillin alone. Adequate and well-controlled clinical trials have established the effectiveness of amoxicillin alone in treating certain clinical infections due toS. pyogenes.

Susceptibility Test Methods

When available, the clinical microbiology laboratory should provide cumulative results ofin vitrosusceptibility test results forantimicrobialdrugs used in local hospitals and practice areas to the physician as periodic reports that describe the susceptibility profile ofnosocomialand community-acquiredpathogens. These reports should aid the physician in selecting the most effective antimicrobial.

Dilution Technique:决定使用定量方法e antimicrobial minimum inhibitory concentrations (MICs). These MICs provide estimates of the susceptibility of bacteria to antimicrobial compounds. The MICs should be determined using a standardized procedure.^1,2Standardized procedures are based on dilution methods (broth forS. pneumoniaeandH. influenzae) or equivalent with standardized inoculum concentration and standardized concentrations of amoxicillin/clavulanate potassium powder.

The recommended dilution pattern utilizes a constant amoxicillin/clavulanate potassium ratio of 2 to 1 in alltubeswith varying amounts of amoxicillin. MICs are expressed in terms of the amoxicillin concentration in the presence of clavulanic acid at a constant 2 parts amoxicillin to 1 part clavulanic acid. The MIC values should be interpreted according to criteria provided in Table 3.

Diffusion Technique:Quantitative methods that require measurement of zone diameters also provides reproducible estimates of the susceptibility of bacteria to antimicrobials. One such standardized technique requires the use of a standardized inoculum concentration.^2,3This procedure uses paper disks impregnated with 30 mcg amoxicillin/clavulanate potassium (20 mcg amoxicillin plus 10 mcg clavulanate potassium) to test susceptibility of microorganisms to amoxicillin/clavulanate potassium. Disk diffusion zone sizes should be interpreted according to criteria provided in Table 3.

Table 3: Susceptibility Test Result Interpretive Criteria for Amoxicillin/Clavulanate Potassium

Pathogen	Minimum Inhibitory Concentration (mcg/mL)			Disk Diffusion (Zone Diameter in mm)
	S	I	R	S	I	R
Streptococcus pneumoniae(nonmeningitisisolates)	≤ 2/1	4/2	≥ 8/4		Not applicable (NA)
Haemophilus influenzae	≤ 4/2	NA	≥ 8/4	≥ 20	NA	≤ 19

NOTE:Susceptibility of S. pneumoniae should be determined using a 1-mcg oxacillin disk. Isolates with oxacillin zone sizes of ≥ 20 mm are susceptible to amoxicillin/clavulanic acid. An amoxicillin/clavulanic acid MIC should be determined on isolates of S. pneumoniae with oxacillin zone sizes of ≤ 19 mm.

NOTE:β-lactamase–negative, ampicillin-resistant H. influenzae isolates must be considered resistant to amoxicillin/clavulanic acid.

A report of S (“Susceptible”) indicates that the antimicrobial is likely to inhibit growth of the pathogen if the antimicrobial compound in the blood reaches the concentration usually achievable. A report of I (“Intermediate”) indicates that the result should be considered equivocal, and, if the microorganism is not fully susceptible to alternative, clinically feasible antimicrobials, the test should be repeated. This category implies possible clinical applicability in body sites where the drug is physiologically concentrated or in situations where high doses of antimicrobial can be used. This category also provides a buffer zone that prevents small uncontrolled technical factors from causing major discrepancies in interpretation. A report of R (“Resistant”) indicates that the antimicrobial is not likely to inhibit growth of the pathogen if the antimicrobial compound in the blood reaches the concentration usually achievable; other therapy should be selected.

Standardized susceptibility test procedures require the use of quality control microorganisms to determine the performance of the test procedures.^1-3Standard amoxicillin/clavulanate potassium powder should provide the MIC ranges for the quality control organisms in Table 4. For the disk diffusion technique, the 30 mcg-amoxicillin/clavulanate potassium disk should provide the zone diameter ranges for the quality control organisms in Table 4.

Table 4: Acceptable Quality Control Ranges for Amoxicillin/Clavulanate Potassium

Quality Control Organism	Minimum Inhibitory Concentration Range (mcg/mL)	Disk Diffusion (Zone Diameter Range in mm)
Escherichia coliATCC®a35218b(H. influenzae quality control)	4/2 to 16/8	17 to 22
Haemophilus influenzaeATCC 49247	2/1 to 16/8	15 to 23
Streptococcus pneumoniaeATCC 49619	0.03/0.016 to 0.12/0.06	NA
aATCC is a trademark of the American Type Culture Collection. bWhen usingHaemophilusTest Medium (HTM).

Description of Clinical Studies

Two clinical studies were conducted in pediatric patients with acute otitis media.

A non-comparative, open-label study assessed the bacteriologic and clinical efficacy of AUGMENTIN ES-600 (90/6.4 mg/kg/day, divided every 12 hours) for 10 days in 521 pediatric patients (3 to 50 months) with acute otitis media. The primary objective was to assess bacteriological response in children with acute otitis media due toS. pneumoniaewith amoxicillin/clavulanic acid MICs of 4 mcg/mL. The study sought the enrollment of patients with the following risk factors: Failure of antibiotic therapy for acute otitis media in the previous 3 months, history of recurrent episodes of acute otitis media, ≤ 2 years, or daycare attendance. Prior to receiving AUGMENTIN ES-600, all patients had tympanocentesis to obtain middle ear fluid for bacteriological evaluation. Patients from whomS. pneumoniae(alone or in combination with other bacteria) was isolated had a second tympanocentesis 4 to 6 days after the start of therapy. Clinical assessments were planned for all patients during treatment (4-6 days after starting therapy), as well as 2-4 days post-treatment and 15-18 days post-treatment. Bacteriological success was defined as the absence of the pretreatment pathogen from the on-therapy tympanocentesis specimen. Clinical success was defined as improvement or resolution of signs and symptoms. Clinical failure was defined as lack of improvement or worsening of signs and/or symptoms at any time following at least 72 hours of AUGMENTN ES-600 (amoxicillin/clavulanate potassium); patients who received an additional systemic antibacterial drug for otitis media after 3 days of therapy were considered clinical failures. Bacteriological eradication on therapy (day 4-6 visit) in the per protocol population is summarized in Table 5.

Table 5: Bacteriologic Eradication Rates in the Per Protocol Population

Pathogen	Bacteriologic Eradication on Therapy
	n/N	%	95% CIa
AllS. pneumoniae	121/123	98.4	(94.3, 99.8)
S. pneumoniaewith penicillin MIC = 2 mcg/mL	19/19	100	(82.4, 100.0)
S. pneumoniaewith penicillin MIC = 4 mcg/mL	12/14	85.7	(57.2, 98.2)
H. influenzae	75/81	92.6	(84.6, 97.2)
M. catarrhalis	11/11	100	(71.5, 100.0)
aCI = confidence intervals; 95% CIs are not adjusted for multiple comparisons.

Clinical assessments were made in the per protocol population 2-4 days post-therapy and 15-18 days post-therapy. Patients who responded to therapy 2-4 days post-therapy were followed for 15-18 days post-therapy to assess them for acute otitis media. Nonresponders at 2-4 days post-therapy were considered failures at the latter timepoint.

Table 6: Clinical Assessments in the Per Protocol Population (IncludesS. pneumoniaePatients With Penicillin MICs = 2 or 4 mcg/mL^a)

Pathogen	治疗后2 - 4天(主要终点)
	n/N	%	95% CIb
AllS. pneumoniae	122/137	89.1	(82.6, 93.7)
S. pneumoniaewith penicillin MIC = 2 mcg/mL	17/20	85.0	(62.1, 96.8)
S. pneumoniaewith penicillin MIC = 4 mcg/mL	11/14	78.6	(49.2, 95.3)
H. influenzae	141/162	87.0	(80.9, 91.8)
M. catarrhalis	22/26	84.6	(65.1, 95.6)
	15-18 Days Post-Therapyc(Secondary Endpoint)
Pathogen	n/N	%	95% CI †
AllS. pneumoniae	95/136	69.9	(61.4, 77.4)
S. pneumoniaewith penicillin MIC = 2 mcg/mL	11/20	55.0	(31.5, 76.9)
S. pneumoniaewith penicillin MIC = 4 mcg/mL	5/14	35.7	(12.8, 64.9)
H. influenzae	106/156	67.9	(60.0, 75.2)
M. catarrhalis	14/25	56.0	(34.9, 75.6)
aS. pneumoniaestrains with penicillin MICs of 2 or 4 mcg/mL are considered resistant to penicillin. bCI = confidence intervals; 95% CIs are not adjusted for multiple comparisons. cClinical assessments at 15-18 days post-therapy may have been confounded by viral infections and new episodes of acute otitis media with time elapsed post-treatment.

In the intent-to-treat analysis, overall clinical outcomes at 2-4 days and 15-18 days post-treatment in patients withS. pneumoniaewith penicillin MIC = 2 mcg/mL and 4 mcg/mL were 29/41 (71%) and 17/41 (41.5%), respectively.

In the intent-to-treat population of 521 patients, the most frequently reported adverse events were vomiting (6.9%), fever (6.1%), contact dermatitis (i.e., diaper rash) (6.1%), upper respiratory tract infection (4.0%), and diarrhea (3.8%). Protocol-defined diarrhea (i.e., 3 or more watery stools in one day or 2 watery stools per day for 2 consecutive days as recorded on diary cards) occurred in 12.9% of patients.

A double-blind, randomized, clinical study compared AUGMENTIN ES-600 (90/6.4 mg/kg/day, divided every 12 hours) to AUGMENTIN (45/6.4 mg/kg/day, divided every 12 hours) for 10 days in 450 pediatric patients (3 months to 12 years) with acute otitis media. The primaryobjectiveof the study was to compare the safety of AUGMENTIN ES-600 to AUGMENTIN. There was no statistically significant difference between treatments in the proportion of patients with 1 or more adverse events. The most frequently reported adverse events for AUGMENTIN ES-600 and the comparator of AUGMENTIN were coughing (11.9% versus 6.8%), vomiting (6.5% versus 7.7%), contact dermatitis (i.e., diaper rash, 6.0% versus 4.8%), fever (5.5% versus 3.9%), andupper respiratory infection(3.0% versus 9.2%), respectively. The frequencies of protocol-defined diarrhea with AUGMENTIN ES-600 (11.1%) and AUGMENTIN (9.4%) were similar (95% confidence interval on difference: -4.2% to 7.7%). Only 2 patients in the group treated with AUGMENTIN ES-600 and 1 patient in the group treated with AUGMENTIN were withdrawn due to diarrhea.

REFERENCES

Clinical and Laboratory Standards Institute (CLSI). Performance Standards for Antimicrobial Susceptibility Testing – 21st Informational Supplement. CSLI Document M100-S21. CLSI, 940 West Valley Rd., Suite 1400, Wayne, PA 19087, 2011.

1. Clinical and Laboratory Standards Institute (CLSI). Methods for Antimicrobial Susceptibility Testing ofAnaerobicBacteria – Approved Standard 7th ed. CSLI Document M11-A7. CLSI, 940 West Valley Rd., Suite 1400, Wayne, PA 19087, 2007.

2. Clinical and Laboratory Standards Institute (CLSI). Methods for Dilution Antimicrobial Susceptibility Tests for Bacteria That Grow Aerobically; Approved Standard – 8th ed. CLSI Document M07-A8. CLSI, 940 West Valley Rd., Suite 1400, Wayne, PA 19087, 2009.

3. Clinical and Laboratory Standards Institute (CLSI). Performance Standards for Antimicrobial Disk Susceptibility Test; Approved Standard – 10th ed. CLSI Document M02-A10. CLSI, 940 West Valley Rd., Suite 1400, Wayne, PA 19087, 2009.

PATIENT INFORMATION

AUGMENTIN ES-600 should be taken every 12 hours with a meal or snack to reduce the possibility of gastrointestinal upset. If diarrhea develops and is severe or lasts more than 2 or 3 days, call your doctor.

Diarrhea is a common problem caused by antibiotics which usually ends when the antibiotic is discontinued. Sometimes after starting treatment with antibiotics, patients can develop watery and bloody stools (with or withoutstomach crampsand fever) even as late as 2 or more months after having taken the last dose of the antibiotic. If this occurs, patients should contact their physician as soon as possible.

Keep suspension refrigerated. Shake well before using. When dosing a child with the suspension (liquid) of AUGMENTIN ES-600, use a dosing spoon or medicine dropper. Be sure to rinse the spoon or dropper after each use. Bottles of suspension of AUGMENTIN ES-600 may contain more liquid than required. Follow your doctor's instructions about the amount to use and the days of treatment your child requires. Discard any unused medicine.

Patients should be counseled that antibacterial drugs, including AUGMENTIN ES-600, should only be used to treat bacterial infections. They do not treat viral infections (e.g., thecommon cold). When AUGMENTIN ES-600 is prescribed to treat a bacterial infection, patients should be told that although it is common to feel better early in the course of therapy, the medication should be taken exactly as directed. Skipping doses or not completing the full course of therapy may: (1) decrease the effectiveness of the immediate treatment, and (2) increase the likelihood that bacteria will develop resistance and will not be treatable by AUGMENTIN ES-600 or other antibacterial drugs in the future.

Phenylketonurics

Each 5 mL of the 600 mg/5 mL suspension of AUGMENTIN ES-600 contains 7 mgphenylalanine.